The present disclosure provides methods whereby products can be prepared in a manner that adds value to the products beyond the market value of such products, and the present disclosure further provides methods for optimizing production of products toward processes that yield a positive net result. The methods for preparing a product can utilize a synthesized oxide compound and, depending upon the order of combination, can modify the synthesized oxide compound by combination with both of carbon dioxide and a secondary component.

Provided are methods for the manufacture of highly porous aerogels, particularly to twisted carbon fibers (TCF) and carbon microbelt (CMB) aerogels, by providing a carbon raw material and heating said carbon raw material under inert gas atmosphere and reduced pressure up to 900 C. Also encompassed are the thus obtained aerogels and the use thereof, particularly for treating waste water.

A substantially insoluble compound having a polysaccharide backbone which is derivatised at one or more of its hydroxyl groups with a ligand (L) bound to the sugar moiety by a sulphur atom which may be tailored according to a wide range of applications. The compound is useful as a catalyst and in removal of contaminants from a feed containing particularly metal ions.

A method of water treatment includes flowing water that includes nitrogen and phosphorus compounds through a sorption media composition within at least one chamber of a water treatment system. The composition comprises iron filings comprising at most 5 volume (vol) % of the composition, sand particles comprising at least 80 vol % of the composition, and clay particles comprising at most 5 vol % of the composition. The iron filings, sand particles, and clay particles are mixed together. During the flowing, the clay particles attract the nitrogen and phosphorus compounds, which become absorbed onto a surface of the iron filings and the clay, resulting in a removal of the nitrogen and phosphorus compounds and the generation of reaction products. Nitrogen and phosphorus are then recovered from the reaction products.

A method for solid-phase extraction is disclosed. The method includes fabricating a solid-phase extraction medium by incorporating a plurality of modified mesoporous silica particles within pores of a cotton fabric matrix, putting the solid-phase extraction medium in contact with a fluid containing metal ions including one of immersing the solid-phase extraction medium in the fluid containing metal ions or passing the fluid containing metal ions through the solid-phase extraction medium by continuously circulating the fluid through the solid-phase extraction medium, and extracting the metal ions from the fluid by adsorbing the metal ions onto the solid-phase extraction medium responsive to a contact between the solid-phase extraction medium and the fluid containing metal ions.

A method of treating a liquid for removal of organic acid anions which comprises contacting a liquid containing organic acid anions with an adsorbent comprising calcium alginate-kaolinite or calcium alginate-quartz and a method of treating a liquid for removal of organic acid anions, heavy metal ions and thermally degraded organic products which comprises contacting a liquid containing organic acid anions, heavy metal ions and thermally degraded organic products with an adsorbent comprising calcium alginate-activated carbon are described.

A method of water treatment includes providing water that includes at least one contaminant. An effective amount of at least one filter media is added to the to the water that includes at least one contaminant. The water and the at least one filter media are agitated to form a homogeneous mixture. A cationic biopolymer is added to the homogeneous mixture of water and the at least one filter media. The water is separated from the at least one contaminant and the at least one filter media.

A method of water treatment includes flowing water that includes nitrogen and phosphorus compounds through a sorption media composition within at least one chamber of a water treatment system. The composition comprises iron filings comprising at least 5 volume (vol) % of the composition, sand particles comprising at leak 10 vol % of the composition, and clay particles comprising at least 2 vol % of the composition. The iron filings, sand particles, and clay particles are mixed together. During the flowing, the clay particles attract the nitrogen and phosphorus compounds, which become absorbed onto a surface of the iron filings and the clay, resulting in a removal of the nitrogen and phosphorus compounds and the generation of reaction products. Nitrogen and phosphorus are then recovered from the reaction products.

A method of water treatment includes flowing water that includes nitrogen and phosphorus compounds through a sorption media composition within at least one chamber of a water treatment system. The composition comprises iron filings comprising at most 5 volume (vol) % of the composition, sand particles comprising at least 80 vol % of the composition, and clay particles comprising at most 5 vol % of the composition. The iron filings, sand particles, and clay particles are mixed together. During the flowing, the clay particles attract the nitrogen and phosphorus compounds, which become absorbed onto a surface of the iron filings and the clay, resulting in a removal of the nitrogen and phosphorus compounds and the generation of reaction products. Nitrogen and phosphorus are then recovered from the reaction products.

A method of water treatment includes flowing water that includes nitrogen and phosphorus compounds through a sorption media composition within at least one chamber of a water treatment system. The composition comprises iron filings comprising at least 5 volume (vol) % of the composition, sand particles comprising at least 10 vol % of the composition; and clay particles comprising at least 2 vol % of the composition. The iron filings, sand particles, and clay particles are mixed together. During the flowing the clay particles attract the nitrogen and phosphorus compounds which become absorbed onto a surface of the iron filings and the clay resulting in a removal of the nitrogen and phosphorus compounds and the generation of reaction products. Nitrogen and phosphorus are then recovered from the reaction products.