Provided is a catalyst composition comprising (a) a collection of resin beads having sulfonic acid functional groups, (b) a promoter having a thiol group and an amine group, and (c) an antioxidant having the structure (I)

##STR00001## wherein each of R.sup.1 and R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or alkenyl group wherein n is 0 to 10, with the proviso that when R.sup.3 contains one or more nitrogen atoms, n is not 1 or 2.

Provided is a method of cleaning a collection of resin beads, wherein the method comprises bringing the collection of resin beads into contact with an aqueous solution, wherein the aqueous solution comprises one or more dissolved amine compounds, wherein the collection of resin beads comprises polymer that comprises attached carboxylic acid groups or sulfonic acid groups or a mixture thereof.

Provided here are methods of making derivatives and prodrugs of substituted morpholines or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Further provided are methods of making derivatives and prodrugs of substituted morpholines having the following chemical structure: ##STR00001##

In an embodiment, a catalyst comprises a porous carrier having 5 to 200 pores per 2.54 centimeters and a pore volume of at least 90 vol % based on the total volume of the porous carrier; wherein the porous carrier comprises one or both of carbon and a metal; and a sulfonated, cross-linked polystyrene located on at least part of a surface of the porous carrier.

Catalysts having a higher total capacity and containing fewer organic impurities are provided for condensation, addition and esterification reactions, as well as a process for preparing these catalysts and for use of the catalysts for preparation of bisphenols.

This invention relates to an ion exchange resin for producing bisphenol with high percent conversion and high percent selectivity to bisphenol, especially 4,4 isopropyhdenediphenol, wherein said ion exchange resin comprising aromatic polymer having sulfonic acid group modified with at least one promoter selected from compounds shown in the structure (I), (II), (III), (IV) or its amine salt: wherein R represents hydrocarbon unit with 1 to 6 carbon atoms selected from alkyl group, alkenyl group, alkynyl group, phenyl group, or optionally hydrocarbon containing carbonyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; X represents heteroatom; n is an integer number from 1 to 4.

##STR00001##

The present invention relates to the treatment of a promoted strong acid ion exchange resin for use as an acid catalyst with an antioxidant to protect the resin from oxidative degradation and the use of said treated promoted ion exchange resin catalyst in chemical production processes.

The present invention relates to a method for the manufacture of a core-shell catalyst comprising the steps of a. providing core particles, b. functionalizing at least part of the surface of the core particles with a functionalizing agent thereby forming functionalized core particles, c. graft polymerizing at least one of aromatic vinyl compounds onto the functionalized core particles thereby forming core-shell particles wherein the core is comprised of the core particles and the shell is comprised of graft polymerized aromatic vinyl compounds and d. activating the shell by using a sulfonating agent wherein the core particles comprise or consists of glass particles and wherein the core particles are hydroxylated prior to step b). The present invention further relates to the use of the core-shell catalyst for the manufacture of bisphenol A by reacting phenol with acetone for increasing the selectivity towards the formation of p,p-bisphenol A.

The present invention relates to a method for carrying out a catalysed chemical reaction using one or more liquid reactants, preferably acetone and phenol to form bisphenol A, in an upflow reactor comprising feeding at least a portion of said reactants to a bottom section of the reactor positioned below a flow distributor plate, passing said portion through the flow distributor plate, passing said portion through a layer of inert particles positioned above and preferably in contact with said flow distributor plate, passing said portion through a catalyst layer comprising a particulate catalyst, said catalyst layer being positioned above and in contact with said layer of inert particles, wherein the reactants react to form a product stream, collecting said product stream via collecting means positioned above said catalyst layer. The invention also relates to a reactor assembly. The catalyst is a core-shell catalyst which is manufactured by graft polymerizing aromatic vinyl compounds onto the hydroxylated and functionalized core particles, followed by sulfonation.

There is provided a pretreatment process for a resin catalyst for synthesizing bisphenol A. The pretreatment process includes the following steps: firstly, purging the resin catalyst with gas, to remove residual liquid in the resin catalyst; secondly, allowing the vented resin catalyst to be in contact with a replacement washing solution for static replacement, and removing the replacement washing solution; thirdly, allowing the obtained resin catalyst to be in contact with a replacement washing solution for static replacement; and finally, allowing a leachate to be in contact with the resin catalyst, and removing the leachate, to obtain a pretreated resin catalyst.