The present invention describes an electrochemical system (1) to electrochemically reduce carbon monoxide (CO) into liquid methanol and gaseous H.sub.2, comprising an electrochemical cell with an anodic compartment with an anode (2) with a current collector (2A), at least a catalyst to electrochemically oxidize H.sub.2O, and a cathodic compartment with a cathodic electrolyte solution comprising the solvent (3), and a cathodic supporting electrolyte, the solvent (3) being water at basic pH of between 10.5 and 13.5, the reagent CO; a cathode (4) which comprises, on a current collector (4A) which is electrochemically inert, at least a cobalt molecular catalyst (4B) to electrochemically reduce CO into liquid methanol and the gas H.sub.2, a power supply (5) providing the energy necessary to trigger the electrochemical reactions involving the reagent.

A lithium secondary battery is provided and, more specifically, a lithium secondary battery comprising a cathode catalyst including a transition metal composite having a stable structure in which four nitrogens are bonded to the transition metal as a cathode catalyst for a reduction reaction of sulfur generated during operation of the lithium secondary battery having a sulfur-containing material included in a cathode thereof, thereby improving performance and longevity of the battery.

The present invention relates to a method for dissolving metals by photocatalysis. A metal-containing material to be dissolved is dispersed in a mixed solution of photocatalyst-containing cyanide and organic chloride; then, a photocatalyst is added; next, an oxygen-containing gas or a substance which is capable of generating oxygen is introduced; and irradiation is applied for a period of time to dissolve metals. Compared with the prior method, the present invention is advantageous in moderate reaction condition, energy conservation, environmental protection, low cost, and convenient operation, and is suitable for mass industrial treatment on metal dissolution.

A process for the carbonylation of epoxides in the presence of catalyst systems, wherein the carbonylation takes place in the presence of carbon monoxide, and wherein the catalyst system contains a molybdenum-based compound. Carbonylation products as well as carbonylation derivatives and to the use of the claimed catalyst systems for the carbonylation of epoxides are also provided.

A method of producing a catalytic carbon fiber may include: oxidizing a virgin carbon fiber to produce an oxidized carbon fiber; reacting the oxidized carbon fiber with a polyamine compound to produce an amine modified carbon fiber; and reacting the amine modified carbon fiber with an organometallic macrocycle to produce the catalytic carbon fiber.

A fiber bundle contactor may include: a flow path defined by a conduit; a catalytic carbon fiber bundle disposed in the conduit; and an inlet allowing fluid flow into the flow path. A method may include: introducing into vessel a hydrocarbon comprising mercaptan sulfur, an aqueous caustic solution, and an oxidizer; reacting at least a portion of the mercaptan sulfur and the aqueous caustic solution to produce a mercaptide; and reacting the mercaptide and the oxidizer in the presence of a catalytic carbon fiber bundle to produce a disulfide oil.

The invention relates to a process for the carbonylation of epoxides in the presence of catalyst systems, in which the carbonylation is carried out in the presence of carbon monoxide, and wherein the catalyst system comprises a vanadium-based, chromium-based, manganese-based and/or tungsten-based compound, preferably a tungsten-based compound. The invention further relates to carbonylation products and carbonylation conversion products and to the use of catalyst systems according to the invention for carbonylation of epoxides.

Disclosed herein, inter alia, are oxidized polyethylene compounds and compositions and methods of making the same.

Bi-functional nanohybrids including a nanoparticle to the surface of which are covalently coupled chemical functions, one of which being biorthogonal, and their use as support for catalysts.

Provided herein are palladium complexes comprising a ligand of Formula (A′) and a ligand of Formula (B), wherein R.sup.1-R.sup.18 are as defined herein. The palladium complexes are useful in methods of fluorinating aryl and heteroaryl substrates. Further provided are compositions and kits comprising the palladium complexes. ##STR00001##