The invention concerns a method for manufacturing of an electrocatalyst comprising a porous carbon support material, a catalytic material in the form of at least one type of metal, and macrocyclic compounds chemically bound to the carbon support and capable of forming complexes with single metal ions of said metal or metals, said method comprising the steps of: i) providing a template capable of acting as pore structure directing agent during formation of a highly porous electrically conducting templated carbon substrate, ii) mixing the template with one or several precursor substances of the catalytic material, the macrocyclic compounds and carbon, iii) exposing the mixture of the template and the precursor substances to a carbonization process during which the precursors react and transform the mixture into a carbonized template composite in winch the carbon part of the composite is chemically bound to macrocyclic compounds present in complexes with the metal or metals. The invention also concerns an electrocatalyst for electrochemical reactions, a method for manufacturing of a membrane electrode assembly using such an electrocatalyst and to a fuel cell making use of such an electrocatalyst.

A membrane includes a first layer, and a second layer coupled to the first layer. The second layer includes a network of catalytic sites, each catalytic site having a catalytic center characterized by promoting a chemical reaction of a target material. A method of forming a chemically reactive membrane includes applying a first solution to a structure, the first solution includes a macrocyclic ligand having electron-donating ligands and a side functional group for crosslinking, crosslinking a plurality of the macrocyclic ligand to form a first network of crosslinked macrocyclic ligands, and applying a second solution to the structure, the second solution comprising a catalytic center. Each catalytic center complexes with the electron-donating ligands of each macrocyclic ligand to form catalytic sites in the first network of crosslinked macrocyclic ligands.

The porphyrin-based catalysts for water splitting are composites of porphyrin or metalloporphyrin active ingredients, conductive carbon (e.g., graphene sheets, vapor grown carbon fiber, carbon black, etc.), and a polymer or binder that may be coated on a glassy carbon electrode. The polymer or binder may be Nafion oil or polyvinylidine difluoride. The porphyrin may be a porphyrin having a transition metal or hydrogen at its center, and may be halogenated and/or have a thiophene substituent.

A method of producing a catalytic carbon fiber may include: oxidizing a virgin carbon fiber to produce an oxidized carbon fiber; reacting the oxidized carbon fiber with a polyamine compound to produce an amine modified carbon fiber; and reacting the amine modified carbon fiber with an organometallic macrocycle to produce the catalytic carbon fiber.

A fiber bundle contactor may include: a flow path defined by a conduit; a catalytic carbon fiber bundle disposed in the conduit; and an inlet allowing fluid flow into the flow path. A method may include: introducing into vessel a hydrocarbon comprising mercaptan sulfur, an aqueous caustic solution, and an oxidizer; reacting at least a portion of the mercaptan sulfur and the aqueous caustic solution to produce a mercaptide; and reacting the mercaptide and the oxidizer in the presence of a catalytic carbon fiber bundle to produce a disulfide oil.

Provided herein are heterogeneous catalysts suitable for use in carbonylation reactions, including the production of acrylic acid from ethylene oxide and carbon monoxide on an industrial scale. The production may involve various unit operations, including, for example: a beta-propiolactone production system configured to produce beta-propiolactone from ethylene oxide and carbon monoxide; a polypropiolactone production system configured to produce polypropiolactone from beta-propiolactone; and an acrylic acid production system configured to produce acrylic acid with a high purity by thermolysis of polypropiolactone.

A confined porphyrin Co(II), which is prepared by the following method: Equimolar amounts of aromatic aldehyde and pyrrole are condensed under acidic conditions to synthesize phenyl porphyrin compounds; the phenyl porphyrin compounds are metallized in a chloroform-methanol solution to obtain porphyrin Cu(II), which is brominated and demetallized to obtain confined porphyrin; the confined porphyrin is stirred and refluxed in a methanol solution for 12.0-24.0 h to obtain confined porphyrin Co(II). Its application is as follows: The confined porphyrin Co(II) is dissolved in cycloalkanes; the reaction system is sealed, and heated to 100 to 130° C. with stirring, to which oxygen is introduced to 0.2 to 3.0 MPa; the reaction is carried out for 3.0 to 24.0 h with stirring with the set temperature and oxygen pressure being maintained; and then the reaction solution is subjected to post-treatment to obtain the products.

A catalyst having an excellent oxygen reduction catalytic ability, and showing excellent durability when used for an electrode for fuel cells and metal-air batteries; and a production method of a catalyst having an excellent oxygen reduction catalytic ability, and showing excellent durability when used for an electrode for fuel cells and metal-air batteries are provided. The production method of a catalyst includes: a step (a) of dissolving a metal complex in a solvent to prepare a solution; a step (b) of dispersing a conductive powder in the solution to prepare a dispersion liquid; and a step (c) of removing the solvent from the dispersion liquid, in which a complex is formed by adsorbing the metal complex on a surface of the conductive powder to use the complex as a catalyst.

The porphyrin-based catalysts for water splitting are composites of porphyrin or metalloporphyrin active ingredients, conductive carbon (e.g., graphene sheets, vapor grown carbon fiber, carbon black, etc.), and a polymer or binder that may be coated on a glassy carbon electrode. The polymer or binder may be Nafion oil or polyvinylidine difluoride. The porphyrin may be a porphyrin having a transition metal or hydrogen at its center, and may be halogenated and/or have a thiophene substituent.

Methods, kits, cartridges, and compounds related to generating chlorine dioxide by exposing ClO.sub.2.sup.− to at least one of an iron porphyrin catalyst or an iron porphyrazine catalyst are described.