The present disclosure discloses an immobilized metalloporphyrin catalyst and its utilization in maleic acid preparation, belonging to the technical field of metalloporphyrin catalytic application. The immobilized metalloporphyrin catalyst is used for catalyzing furfural to prepare maleic acid and is good in catalytic effect, mild in reaction conditions and capable of greatly reducing the energy consumption required in the prior art. The catalyst disclosed by the present disclosure can provide a good microenvironment for a reaction, so that the yield and selectivity of maleic acid are increased; and according to a method disclosed by the present disclosure, the conversion ratio of furfural is 20.4%-95.6%, the yield of maleic acid is 10%-56.1%, and the selectivity is 43.6%-76.1%. Meanwhile, the catalyst is easy to separate and environmentally friendly and may be recycled for many times.

Methods, kits, cartridges, and compounds related to generating chlorine dioxide by exposing ClO.sub.2.sup. to at least one of an iron porphyrin catalyst or an iron porphyrazine catalyst are described.

Provided is a carbon dioxide reduction composite catalyst, comprising an organic-inorganic porous body, and a molecular reduction catalyst combined with the organic-inorganic porous body, wherein the organic-inorganic porous body includes metal oxide clusters, and a light-condensing organic material as linkers between the metal oxide clusters, and the linkers absorb visible light to form excitons, and move the excitons through energy transfer between the linkers to transfer the electrons of the excitons to the molecular reduction catalyst.

Disclosed herein are methods of forming (co)polymers from polymerizable compositions, the methods comprising irradiating the polymerizable compositions with light, wherein the polymerizable compositions comprise a polymerization initiator having an absorption band and exhibiting triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversion and a monomer. Also disclosed herein are methods of additive manufacturing using the methods of forming (co)polymers described herein.

Embodiments of the invention relate to a corrole according to formula [I]; wherein R1, R2, and R3 are each independently H, COOH, CF3, or a halide selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br and I, with the proviso that R1, R2, and R3 can not all be CF3, and when the compound is of Formula II, wherein M is a metallic ion or an elemental ion selected from the group consisting of an elemental ion of group 13-16 in row 3 or above and boron, preferably selected from the group consisting of: Fe, Mn, Ga, P, Mo, Re, Co and Cu, or a salt thereof. Methods for treatment, catalysis, and detection using the compounds are also described.

Disclosed herein are compositions and methods that can achieve photoreduction of CO.sub.2 to CO in pure water at pH 6-7 with excellent performance parameters. In embodiments, the compositions and methods use CuInS.sub.2 colloidal quantum dots (QDs) as photosensitizers, and a Co-porphyrin catalyst.

Methods and compositions for the catalytic oxidation of pharmaceutically active compounds, and more particularly to ex vivo methods for predicting in vivo metabolism of pharmaceutically active compounds, including predicting in vivo interaction between two or more pharmaceutically active compounds.

Methods, kits, cartridges, and compounds related to generating chlorine dioxide by exposing ClO.sub.2.sup. to at least one of an iron porphyrin catalyst or an iron porphyrazine catalyst are described.

In one aspect, the present invention provides catalysts for the carbonylation of heterocycles. The inventive catalysts feature metal-ligand complexes having cationic functional groups tethered to the ligand, wherein the tethered cationic groups are associated with anionic metal carbonyl species. The invention also provides methods of using the inventive catalysts to affect the ring opening carbonylation of epoxides.

Methods, kits, cartridges, and compounds related to generating chlorine dioxide by exposing ClO.sub.2.sup. to at least one of an iron porphyrin catalyst or an iron porphyrazine catalyst are described.