An alkoxysilane is contacted with water and an inorganic acid to form a first composition. A zirconium alkoxide is contacted with an organic acid to form a second composition. One or more alkoxysilanes and an organic acid are contacted with a mixture of the first and second compositions to form a sol-gel composition, to which a photoinitiator is added. The sol-gel composition has a ratio of a number of moles of silicon to a number of moles of zirconium (n.sub.Si/n.sub.Zr) ranging from about 2 to about 10. The sol-gel composition is applied on a substrate (e.g., an aluminum alloy substrate) multiple times to form multiple sol-gel layers, and at least one of the sol-gel layers is cured by UV radiation. The multiple sol-gel layers are then thermally cured.

The present invention aims to provide a method for forming a multilayer coating film having good coating film smoothness. A method for forming a multilayer coating film, comprising a first aqueous coating composition application step of applying a first aqueous coating composition (A) to form an uncured first aqueous coating film; a second aqueous coating composition application step of applying a second aqueous coating composition (B) onto the uncured first aqueous coating film to form an uncured second aqueous coating film; a clear coating step of applying a clear coating composition (C) onto the uncured second aqueous coating film to form an uncured clear coating film; and a curing step of heat-curing at once these coating films to form a multilayer coating film, wherein the first aqueous coating composition (A) contains a water-dispersible polyurethane resin (a1) and a viscosity modifier (a2), and the second aqueous coating composition (B) contains water and an organic solvent as diluent components besides solid matters in a state of dilution to a coating viscosity.

Primer compositions and methods of using the same are provided. In an exemplary embodiment, a primer composition includes an epoxy resin with a plurality of epoxy moieties. The primer composition also includes a (meth)acrylic resin with a plurality of (meth)acrylic moieties covalently bonded to an organic moiety. A crosslinking component is also present in the primer composition, where the crosslinking component is an amine.

Provided is a method for forming a multilayer coating film that is capable of forming a multilayer coating film that has pearly luster with excellent blackness and high reflectance of an infrared laser. The method for forming a multilayer coating film includes applying a carbon black pigment-containing first colored paint (X) to form a first colored coating film; applying a second colored paint (Y) containing a pigment (A) that is a transparent or translucent base material coated with a metal oxide to form a second colored coating film; applying a clear paint (Z) to form a clear coating film; and heating the first colored coating film, the second colored coating film, and the clear coating film separately or simultaneously to cure these films, wherein the first colored coating film has a lightness L*(45°) of less than 20, the multilayer coating film has a lightness L*(45°) of less than 20, and the multilayer coating film has a diffuse reflectance of 10% or more at a wavelength of 905 nm.

The present disclosure is directed to a method for reactivating a co-cured film layer disposed on a composite structure, the method comprising applying a reactivation treatment composition comprising at least two solvents and a surface exchange agent comprising a metal alkoxide or chelate thereof to the co-cured film layer, and allowing the reactivation treatment composition to create a reactivated co-cured film layer, wherein the co-cured film layer was previously cured at a curing temperature greater than about 50° C. A reactivated co-cured film layer and an aircraft part having a reactivated co-cured film layer are also provided.

Provided are a multilayer coating film with pearl luster that is bright in highlight and that has a small change in graininess due to difference in observation directions, and a method for forming the multilayer coating film. The multilayer coating film contains on a substrate in the following sequence a color-pigment-containing colored base coating film, an interference-pigment-containing effect base coating film, and a clear-coat coating film. The multilayer coating film has a Y value (Y5) in the XYZ color space of 300 or more. The multilayer coating film has a ratio of a 15° sparkle area Sa to a 45° sparkle area Sa of 7 or less.

This invention provides a method for forming a multilayer coating film that is capable of forming a multilayer coating film that has excellent blackness, high reflectance of an infrared laser, and excellent coating film performance. The method for forming a multilayer coating film includes forming a first colored coating film containing a titanium oxide pigment and in which the diffuse reflectance at a wavelength of 905 nm or diffuse reflectance at a wavelength of 1550 nm, or both, is 40% or more; forming a second colored coating film containing a carbon black pigment (A) and one or more pigments (B), which are a perylene black pigment (B1) or two or more pigments (B2) selected from the group consisting of blue pigments, red pigments, yellow pigments, and green pigments, or both (B1) and (B2); and forming a clear coating film; wherein the multilayer coating film has a lightness L*(45°) of 4 or less and a chroma C*(45°) of 2 or less, and wherein the diffuse reflectance at a wavelength of 905 nm or the diffuse reflectance at a wavelength of 1550 nm, or both, is 10% or more.

Multi-layer coatings comprising polymerization reaction products of 1,1-di-activated vinyl compounds are described. Also provided are processes for coating substrates with curable compositions comprising 1,1-di-activated vinyl compounds. Also provided are articles coated with this composition.

Described herein is a method of using aromatic and/or araliphatic carboxylic acids in preparation of aqueous basecoat materials for the purpose of improving the adhesion of the aqueous basecoat materials to overbaked clearcoat materials. Also described herein is a method for producing a multicoat paint system, where a basecoat material is applied directly to an overbaked clearcoat film.

Provided herein is a process for the pretreatment coating and subsequent lacquering of plastics substrates, wherein a pretreatment layer is produced on a plastics substrate via application, onto the plastics substrate, of a solution or dispersion including at least one organic solvent (L) and, dispersed or dissolved therein, at least one plastic (K), and subsequent evaporation to remove the organic solvent. Then a lacquer layer is produced on the pretreated plastics substrate.