A permanent magnet may include a Fe.sub.16N.sub.2 phase constitution. In some examples, the permanent magnet may be formed by a technique that includes straining an iron wire or sheet comprising at least one iron crystal in a direction substantially parallel to a <001> crystal axis of the iron crystal; nitridizing the iron wire or sheet to form a nitridized iron wire or sheet; annealing the nitridized iron wire or sheet to form a Fe.sub.16N.sub.2 phase constitution in at least a portion of the nitridized iron wire or sheet; and pressing the nitridized iron wires and sheets to form bulk permanent magnet.

A permanent magnet may include a Fe.sub.16N.sub.2 phase constitution. In some examples, the permanent magnet may be formed by a technique that includes straining an iron wire or sheet comprising at least one iron crystal in a direction substantially parallel to a <001> crystal axis of the iron crystal; nitridizing the iron wire or sheet to form a nitridized iron wire or sheet; annealing the nitridized iron wire or sheet to form a Fe.sub.16N.sub.2 phase constitution in at least a portion of the nitridized iron wire or sheet; and pressing the nitridized iron wires and sheets to form bulk permanent magnet.

The present disclosure relates to metal material casting-rolling forming technology, and specifically to a casting-rolling method and apparatus based on a multi-layer heterogeneous composite roll sleeve. By alternately arranging a plurality of metal components on the composite roll sleeve and adjusting distribution of the metal components in the composite roll sleeve according to structural parameters and process parameters of the monometallic metals and layered metal composite materials, a layer thickness of the metal components at different radial positions of the composite roll sleeve is determined based on the solidification range of monometallic metals and the offset of the solidification point position in the heat transfer process of layered metal composite materials. This can significantly improve forming quality of strips.

The present invention aims to provide a metal ribbon manufacturing system that can provide a uniform flow of molten metal throughout the ribbon manufacturing process by actively controlling the flow speed of molten metal using other means without relying on the self-weight of the molten metal. According to the above purpose, the present invention provides a metal ribbon manufacturing system in which a melting unit into which molten metal enters is configured in a vacuum chamber, a nozzle unit at the bottom of the melting unit is closed together with the melting unit and evacuated to vacuum-melt a substance and the nozzle unit is open, then gas is injected into the vacuum chamber where the melting unit is configured to pressurize the molten metal so that the molten metal flows to the nozzle unit, and the flow speed of the molten metal can be precisely controlled by the gas injection.

A belt caster wheel assembly for a battery component continuous casting machine. The battery component can be a continuous strip of metal grids or a continuous strip of bipolar metal foils. The belt caster wheel assembly, per an implementation, includes a rotatable caster wheel and a moveable belt. One or more gas vents are established in the rotatable caster wheel. The gas vent(s) fluidly communicates with a mold cavity of the rotatable caster wheel. Gas bubbles, voids, and/or other unwanted imperfections in the ultimately-produced battery components can be partly or entirely resolved with the employment of the gas vent(s).