A deposition mechanism is configured for producing a three-dimensional object within a build area using a flowable material in a layer-by-layer technique, and includes an exposure device configured for emitting electromagnetic waves, the exposure device having an array of outlets configured for emitting electromagnetic waves toward an exposure site to solidify applied flowable material to produce the three-dimensional object, and a lens array positioned between the outlets of the exposure device and the exposure site and configured to focus the electromagnetic waves exiting the outlets toward the exposure site, where the lens array includes a plurality of ball lenses, each ball lens configured to reduce an image formed by the electromagnetic waves passing through the respective ball lens. The exposure device may include circuit boards, each having a plurality of light emitting devices connected thereto, and optical fibers extending from the light emitting devices to form the array of outlets.

A deposition mechanism is configured for producing a three-dimensional object within a build area using a flowable material in a layer-by-layer technique, and includes an exposure device configured for emitting electromagnetic waves, the exposure device having an array of outlets configured for emitting electromagnetic waves toward an exposure site to solidify applied flowable material to produce the three-dimensional object, and a lens array positioned between the outlets of the exposure device and the exposure site and configured to focus the electromagnetic waves exiting the outlets toward the exposure site, where the lens array includes a plurality of ball lenses, each ball lens configured to reduce an image formed by the electromagnetic waves passing through the respective ball lens. The exposure device may include circuit boards, each having a plurality of light emitting devices connected thereto, and optical fibers extending from the light emitting devices to form the array of outlets.

An electric melting method for forming metal components provides an electric melting head (6) and a base material (2) being connected to the anode and the cathode of a power supply (12). During the forming of the component, the raw metal wire (1) is sent to the base material (2) and the electric melting head (6) to generate electric arc (9) between the raw wire (1) and the base material (2). The electric arc melts a part of the deposited auxiliary material (3) and creates a molten slag pool (8). Electric current generates the resistance heat and the electroslag heat. The raw wire (1) is molten under the high-energy heat resource composed of the electric arc heat, the resistance heat and the electroslag heat, and thereby creating a molten pool (11) on partial surface of the base material (2).

An electric melting method for forming metal components provides an electric melting head (6) and a base material (2) being connected to the anode and the cathode of a power supply (12). During the forming of the component, the raw metal wire (1) is sent to the base material (2) and the electric melting head (6) to generate electric arc (9) between the raw wire (1) and the base material (2). The electric arc melts a part of the deposited auxiliary material (3) and creates a molten slag pool (8). Electric current generates the resistance heat and the electroslag heat. The raw wire (1) is molten under the high-energy heat resource composed of the electric arc heat, the resistance heat and the electroslag heat, and thereby creating a molten pool (11) on partial surface of the base material (2).

The present disclosure disclosed an ultraviolet laser 3D printing method for the precise temperature control of polymer material and device thereof. The device comprises a thermostat, a laser head, a non-contact type temperature monitoring device, a scanning galvanometer, a processing platform, a powder laying device, a material to be processed, a computer control system and so on. The method comprises: presetting a processing temperature by the control system; during the processing procedure, the temperature rise condition of the processed object is monitored by the non-contact type temperature monitoring device and fed back in real time to the control system; and by recording the rise value of the temperature within a certain period, the system can obtain the absorption capability of the laser and the temperature rise degree of the processed material, so that the laser output power can be calculated according to the preset processing temperature value, and the laser power can be adjusted in real time to precisely control the processing temperature. By means of the above device and method, precise temperature control of ultraviolet laser 3D printing prototyping for polymer materials can be realized.

An example of a three-dimensional (3D) printing kit includes a build material composition and a fusing agent to be applied to at least a portion of the build material composition during 3D printing. The build material composition includes a polyamide having: an avalanche angle ranging from about 35 degrees to about 55 degrees; a break energy ranging from about 25 kJ/kg to about 57 kJ/kg; and an avalanche energy ranging from about 7 kJ/kg to about 22 kJ/kg. The fusing agent includes an energy absorber to absorb electromagnetic radiation to coalesce the polyamide in the at least the portion.

An example system includes a plurality of energy emitters to deliver energy to a material bed to fuse build material at a plurality of locations receiving the energy. The system also includes a controller to a controller to determine an amount of energy to deliver to each location to achieve a fusing condition based on data indicating the plurality of locations to be fused and based on predicted thermal transfer between the plurality of locations receiving the energy. The controller also is to cause the plurality of energy emitters to deliver the determined amount of energy to each location of the material bed.

An example system includes a plurality of energy emitters to deliver energy to a material bed to fuse build material at a plurality of locations receiving the energy. The system also includes a controller to a controller to determine an amount of energy to deliver to each location to achieve a fusing condition based on data indicating the plurality of locations to be fused and based on predicted thermal transfer between the plurality of locations receiving the energy. The controller also is to cause the plurality of energy emitters to deliver the determined amount of energy to each location of the material bed.

The invention relates to a method for producing a three-dimensional object in an optically reactive starting material, comprising: providing an optically reactive starting material (4) in a working volume (5), wherein the optically reactive starting material (4) contains active molecules of a dual-color photoinitiator; and optically processing the starting material (4) to produce a three-dimensional object by radiating with light of a first wavelength and light of a second wavelength that is different from the first wavelength. The optical processing comprises the following: a) radiating the light of the first wavelength through an opening (20) of an entrance pupil (11) located upstream of an objective (12) and through the objective (12), wherein the objective (12) focuses the light of the first wavelength in the starting material into a focus volume in a focus of the objective (12) such that active molecules that absorb the light of the first wavelength transition into an intermediate state; b) radiating the light of the second wavelength via the entrance pupil (11) and the objective (12), wherein the objective (12) focuses the light of the second wavelength in the starting material (4) into the focus volume such that active molecules within the focus volume that are in the intermediate state and absorb the light of the second wavelength transition into a reactive state and a chemical reaction is thereby triggered in the focus volume, by means of which a material property of the starting material (4) is locally changed; and c) producing the three-dimensional object by repeating steps a) and b) for further focus volumes; wherein, during radiation, the light of the first wavelength and the light of the second wavelength are radiated, on the path to the focus volume, in a spatially non-overlapping manner at least when passing through the entrance pupil (11) and when passing through the objective (12) and in a spatially overlapping manner in the focus volume. Furthermore, a device for producing a three-dimensional object in an optically reactive starting material is provided.

The invention relates to a method for producing a three-dimensional object in an optically reactive starting material, comprising: providing an optically reactive starting material (4) in a working volume (5), wherein the optically reactive starting material (4) contains active molecules of a dual-color photoinitiator; and optically processing the starting material (4) to produce a three-dimensional object by radiating with light of a first wavelength and light of a second wavelength that is different from the first wavelength. The optical processing comprises the following: a) radiating the light of the first wavelength through an opening (20) of an entrance pupil (11) located upstream of an objective (12) and through the objective (12), wherein the objective (12) focuses the light of the first wavelength in the starting material into a focus volume in a focus of the objective (12) such that active molecules that absorb the light of the first wavelength transition into an intermediate state; b) radiating the light of the second wavelength via the entrance pupil (11) and the objective (12), wherein the objective (12) focuses the light of the second wavelength in the starting material (4) into the focus volume such that active molecules within the focus volume that are in the intermediate state and absorb the light of the second wavelength transition into a reactive state and a chemical reaction is thereby triggered in the focus volume, by means of which a material property of the starting material (4) is locally changed; and c) producing the three-dimensional object by repeating steps a) and b) for further focus volumes; wherein, during radiation, the light of the first wavelength and the light of the second wavelength are radiated, on the path to the focus volume, in a spatially non-overlapping manner at least when passing through the entrance pupil (11) and when passing through the objective (12) and in a spatially overlapping manner in the focus volume. Furthermore, a device for producing a three-dimensional object in an optically reactive starting material is provided.