An apparatus and processes for protecting an ultrasonic welding horn (504) during welding of polymeric composites, use a thin separator, or membrane (502) configured to transfer high-frequency acoustic vibrations while keeping the horn (504) isolated from molten workpiece material. Systems and methods for welding polymeric composites, use a conductive mechanical intermediary, reducing cycle time, compensating for any surface unevenness, and improving weld accuracy and connection strength.

A protective packaging formation device is disclosed herein. The protective packaging formation device can include an inflation assembly having a fluid conduit that directs fluid between first and second overlapping plies of a web material and a sealing mechanism. The sealing mechanism can include a heating zone of the sealing mechanism operable to heat the plies to create a longitudinal heat seal that seals the first and second plies together as the web is driven over the heating zone in a downstream direction. The sealing mechanism can also include a pinch zone that overlaps longitudinally with the heating zone. The pinch zone defined by an isolation element that applies a first pressure to the web material along a first region. The pinch zone is also defined by a support structure and a compression element that applies a second pressure to the web material there-between along a second region transverse to the first region.

An electrolyte conductor (1) has a nonwoven fabric (2), onto which a plastic film (3) is laminated. A process is provided for the manufacture of the electrolyte conductor (1). An electrochemical gas sensor (10) is provided with such an electrolyte conductor (1). A gas-measuring device is provided with such a gas sensor (10).

A window manufacturing method includes providing a first adhesive on a dummy substrate, providing a first mother substrate on the first adhesive, disposing a first portion of an interleaving paper on a surface of a suction stage disposed on the first mother substrate, the surface of the suction stage facing the first mother substrate, and pressing the suction stage toward the first mother substrate to attach the first mother substrate to the dummy substrate.