A semi-continuous deodorizer providing a first main vessel, and a second vessel, wherein the second vessel is connected to the first main vessel by a duct for the transport of gases and vapors, the second vessel being connected to a vacuum system, wherein both the first main vessel and the second vessel are made of stainless steel and built hermetically.

A semi-continuous deodorizer providing a first main vessel, and a second vessel, wherein the second vessel is connected to the first main vessel by a duct for the transport of gases and vapors, the second vessel being connected to a vacuum system, wherein both the first main vessel and the second vessel are made of stainless steel and built hermetically.

A product, a method of producing and a method of using are disclosed. The product comprises attapulgite that has been thermally activated. The product may have a permeability in oil in the range of 0.04-3 darcy and may have a surface area of 45-140 m.sup.2/g. The method of producing may comprise thermally activating a material that includes attapulgite by heating the material at a temperature in the range of 300 to 900° C. The method of decolorizing may include contacting for a contact time an oil with the bleaching clay product that comprises attapulgite that has been thermally activated, and separating the bleaching clay product from the oil to recover a decolorized oil that has a lower red color than the oil had prior to the contacting, and removing phosphorus and metals for hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO)/renewable diesel feedstock pretreatment.

A product, a method of producing and a method of using are disclosed. The product comprises attapulgite that has been thermally activated. The product may have a permeability in oil in the range of 0.04-3 darcy and may have a surface area of 45-140 m.sup.2/g. The method of producing may comprise thermally activating a material that includes attapulgite by heating the material at a temperature in the range of 300 to 900° C. The method of decolorizing may include contacting for a contact time an oil with the bleaching clay product that comprises attapulgite that has been thermally activated, and separating the bleaching clay product from the oil to recover a decolorized oil that has a lower red color than the oil had prior to the contacting, and removing phosphorus and metals for hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO)/renewable diesel feedstock pretreatment.

A method of dissolving C60 molecules including combining C60 molecules with a limonene composition to form a C60 mixture, and heating the C60 mixture to a predetermined temperature for a predetermined time period to dissolve the C60 molecules into the limonene composition to form a dissolved C60 mixture. The dissolved C60 mixture is homogenous and includes at least 16.67 mg of the dissolved C60 molecules per milliliter of the limonene composition.

A method of dissolving C60 molecules including combining C60 molecules with a limonene composition to form a C60 mixture, and heating the C60 mixture to a predetermined temperature for a predetermined time period to dissolve the C60 molecules into the limonene composition to form a dissolved C60 mixture. The dissolved C60 mixture is homogenous and includes at least 16.67 mg of the dissolved C60 molecules per milliliter of the limonene composition.

The present invention relates to a fat composition suitable for use as a cocoa butter equivalent, wherein the fat compo-sition comprises triglycerides of which 60% by weight or more is Sat.sub.2O, wherein Sat is selected from St, P, or combinations hereof; and wherein, in the fat composition, the content of St.sub.2O is 40% by weight or less, and the total content of StOP+StPO+St.sub.2O is 60% by weight or less, wherein O is oleic acid, St is stearic acid, and P is palmitic acid; and wherein the fat composition has a Buhler crystallization index (BCI) value of 2.5 or more. Uses of the fat composition are also disclosed.

The present invention relates to a fat composition suitable for use as a cocoa butter equivalent, wherein the fat compo-sition comprises triglycerides of which 60% by weight or more is Sat.sub.2O, wherein Sat is selected from St, P, or combinations hereof; and wherein, in the fat composition, the content of St.sub.2O is 40% by weight or less, and the total content of StOP+StPO+St.sub.2O is 60% by weight or less, wherein O is oleic acid, St is stearic acid, and P is palmitic acid; and wherein the fat composition has a Buhler crystallization index (BCI) value of 2.5 or more. Uses of the fat composition are also disclosed.

There is provided an oiliness-reducing agent that is capable of reducing the oiliness perceived when a person consumes a food product.

The oiliness-reducing agent is characterized by containing, as an active ingredient, a heated oil obtained by implementing a heating treatment at 120° C. or higher on an unrefined crude oil including an expressed oil of an oil and fat raw material or an extracted oil of the oil and fat raw material, or on an oil and fat that has passed through a degumming step, a deacidification step, or a bleaching step in steps for refining the unrefined crude oil.

There is provided an oiliness-reducing agent that is capable of reducing the oiliness perceived when a person consumes a food product.

The oiliness-reducing agent is characterized by containing, as an active ingredient, a heated oil obtained by implementing a heating treatment at 120° C. or higher on an unrefined crude oil including an expressed oil of an oil and fat raw material or an extracted oil of the oil and fat raw material, or on an oil and fat that has passed through a degumming step, a deacidification step, or a bleaching step in steps for refining the unrefined crude oil.