A refrigeration system having a heat pump function for a motor vehicle. The refrigeration system includes: a refrigerant compressor which is connectable or connected to a primary line; a directly or indirectly acting external heat exchanger, which is arranged in the primary line; a first evaporator, which is arranged in the primary line; a first directly or indirectly acting heat exchanger, in particular a chiller, which is arranged fluidically in parallel to the evaporator; and a refrigerant collector arranged on the low-pressure side. A single sensor device is arranged downstream of the evaporator and the further heat exchanger, in particular the chiller, which is configured to detect the pressure and the temperature of the refrigerant on the low-pressure side of the refrigeration system.

A thermal management system for an electric vehicle includes a coolant loop having a pump configured to circulate a coolant in the coolant loop and one or more valves. A controller is adapted to control respective positions of the one or more valves for modifying the coolant pathway in the coolant loop. The system includes a coolant-to-refrigerant (C2R) heat exchanger fluidly connected to the coolant loop and a refrigerant loop. A low-temperature radiator is located in the coolant loop downstream of the C2R heat exchanger. A coolant heater is positioned in the coolant loop downstream of the low-temperature radiator and a compressor is located in the refrigerant loop. The controller is adapted to minimize energy usage for cabin heating in the electric vehicle by minimizing a respective load of the coolant heater, maximizing the respective load of the compressor, and maintaining a threshold suction pressure for compressor operation.

A thermal management system, a method of controlling the same, a compressor included in the same in which the thermal management system and the method of controlling the thermal management system determine whether the current state is a low-refrigerant state in which a refrigerant amount is smaller than a reference refrigerant amount on the basis of a degree of superheat or a degree of supercooling detected from a pressure and temperature of a refrigerant when a battery thermal management mode is operated and operations of cooling and heating a vehicle interior do not operate. The compressor is included in the thermal management system and configured as an electric compressor configured to be controlled by the control method. Therefore, it is possible to easily recognize whether the current state is the low-refrigerant state in which the refrigerant amount is smaller than the reference refrigerant amount.

An air conditioning system for an electric vehicle includes a refrigerant E-compressor made up of a centrifugal compressor and an electric motor for driving the compressor. The housing of the compressor defines a coolant passage for liquid coolant. A coolant unit pumps liquid coolant through the coolant passage during normal AC system operation to cool the motor. A method for preventing or mitigating harmful effects of liquid refrigerant being ingested by the compressor includes determining whether liquid refrigerant is likely present in the compressor inlet; if so, a heating unit raises the temperature of the liquid coolant to thereby heat and evaporate any liquid refrigerant before starting the compressor. Once the danger of liquid refrigerant is passed, the compressor is started and the heating unit is deactivated.

A method for operating a refrigeration system with a heat pump function for a motor vehicle with an at least partially electric drive. The refrigeration system has a refrigerant compressor; a first heat exchanger; at least one further heat exchanger; a sensor device arranged upstream of the refrigerant compressor on the low-pressure side for detecting a first refrigerant pressure and/or a first refrigerant temperature; a sensor device arranged downstream of the refrigerant compressor on the high-pressure side for detecting a second refrigerant pressure and/or a second refrigerant temperature, the method includes detecting the first refrigerant pressure and/or the first refrigerant temperature; detecting the second refrigerant pressure and/or the second refrigerant temperature; detecting a speed of the refrigerant compressor; determining a refrigerant volumetric efficiency; and determining a refrigerant mass flow based on the refrigerant volumetric efficiency.

A method operating a refrigeration system with a heat pump function for a motor vehicle with an at least partially electric drive. The refrigeration system has a refrigerant compressor; a first heat exchanger; at least one further heat exchanger; a sensor device arranged upstream of the refrigerant compressor on the low-pressure side for detecting a first refrigerant pressure and/or a first refrigerant temperature; a sensor device arranged downstream of the refrigerant compressor on the high-pressure side for detecting a second refrigerant pressure and/or a second refrigerant temperature. The method includes detecting the first refrigerant pressure and/or the first refrigerant temperature; detecting the second refrigerant pressure and/or the second refrigerant temperature; detecting a rotational speed of the refrigerant compressor; determining a refrigerant volumetric efficiency; and determining a refrigerant mass flow based on the refrigerant volumetric efficiency.

The present disclosure provides an integrated temperature control system for a vehicle, including: an air suspension subsystem, which includes a working medium, the working medium being a flame-retardant gas; and a temperature control subsystem, which is connected to the air suspension subsystem and includes a refrigerant. The temperature control subsystem is configured to operably receive the working medium in the air suspension subsystem, and is configured to perform control based on the refrigerant leakage concentration in the temperature control subsystem and a signal related to the refrigerant leakage, so as to selectively inject the working medium into the interior of the temperature control subsystem. The present disclosure also provides a method for controlling the integrated temperature control system for a vehicle.

A method for controlling a refrigeration system of a vehicle includes a circuit containing a refrigerant, a compressor, and first and second evaporators which are connected in parallel to the compressor, and a first expansion valve arranged upstream the first evaporator that regulates a pressure drop of the refrigerant before the first evaporator, and a second expansion valve arranged upstream the second evaporator that regulates a pressure drop of the refrigerant before the second evaporator, and a condenser arranged downstream the compressor between the compressor and the first and second expansion valves. The method includes controlling a total opening of the first expansion valve and the second expansion valve, based on a temperature and a pressure of the refrigerant which refrigerant temperature and refrigerant pressure are measured downstream the first and second evaporators at a position between the first and second evaporators and the compressor.

A transportation refrigeration system is provided and includes a trailer refrigeration unit (TRU), a battery to provide electricity for the TRU, an electrical system and a controller. The electrical system includes a direct current (DC) bus electrically interposed between the battery and the TRU. The electrical system further includes an inverter and a boost converter disposed on the DC bus. The controller includes a memory unit storing first, second and third efficiency tables for the TRU, the inverter and the boost converter, respectively, and a processor. The processor sets an operational target for the TRU and achieves the operational target by controlling the inverter and the boost converter according to a voltage of the battery, the first, second and third efficiency tables and real-time operating conditions.