Apparatus and methods for controlling a spacecraft for a transfer orbit. The spacecraft includes a propulsion subsystem with electric thrusters that are installed with two-axis gimbal assemblies. The spacecraft also includes a controller that identifies a target spin axis for the spacecraft, determines an actual spin axis for the spacecraft during the transfer orbit, determines gimbal angles for the electric thruster(s) that adjust the actual spin axis toward the target spin axis, and initiates a burn of the electric thruster(s) at the gimbal angles.

A modular satellite for converting solar energy to microwave energy and transmitting the microwave energy to the earth to be converted into electricity includes solar panels configured to convert solar energy into direct current; a magnetron operatively connected to the solar panels to receive the direct current and configured to convert the direct current into microwave energy; a planar wave guide antenna operatively connected to the magnetron to receive the microwave energy and direct the microwave energy to a station on earth; and a coupling system for coupling with another satellite to form an array in response to at least one of locking, unlocking, and navigational commands. The satellite has a mass equal to or less than four kilograms, and a volume equal to or less than three liters.

Space craft comprising a body, at least one pair of supporting arms, a first device mounted on a first supporting arm and a second device mounted on a second supporting arm. The first arm is rotatably mounted on the body of the craft about an axis of rotation. The second arm is fixed to the body, and in which craft of the first device and the second device at least one is offset from the axis of rotation of the first arm. The pair of supporting arms further comprises a hollow module for the rotatable mounting of the first arm on the body. The mounting module comprising an opening through which the axis of rotation and the second supporting arm pass.

An apparatus for providing optimized power balanced variable thrust transfer orbits to minimize an electric orbit raising duration is disclosed. The electric orbit raising includes a first transfer orbit and a target orbit. The apparatus includes control electronics configured to transfer to a second transfer orbit to reach the target orbit. A variable thrust based on a current electric power balance is determined. The control electronics are further configured to execute a maneuver to transfer from the first transfer orbit to the second transfer orbit according to the determined variable thrust and a predetermined maneuver plan. The predetermined maneuver plan includes a set of compound steering parameters. The set of compound steering parameters are based on an optimized variable thrust and an associated electrical power balance to the optimized variable thrust. An optimized series of transfer orbits minimizes the electric orbit raising duration.

A satellite dispenser is disclosed. In various embodiments, a satellite dispenser as disclosed herein includes a dispenser body defining an interior cavity configured to receive a payload; and a composite guide rail comprising a groove configured to receive at least a portion of a payload, the composite guide rail having an orientation that substantially aligns a longitudinal axis of the groove with an ejection axis of the dispenser.

An electric propulsion module coupled to a spacecraft capable of providing thrust at a level required for multi-burn orbit transfer is disclosed herein. The electric propulsion system includes an electric propulsion thruster, a propellant tank and an energy storage device. In one form the energy storage device is a battery operable to provide sufficient power to maneuver the spacecraft quickly to avoid space debris and/or move to a different orbit through a multi-burn thrust procedure.

A satellite constellation forming system forms a satellite constellation (20) having a plurality of orbital planes (21) in each of which a plurality of satellites fly at the same orbital altitude. A satellite constellation forming unit forms the satellite constellation (20) in which orbital altitudes of the orbital planes (21) are mutually different. Furthermore, in the satellite constellation (20), relative altitude differences between adjacent orbital planes in the plurality of orbital planes are sequentially arranged to be sinusoidal. The satellite constellation forming unit sequentially changes an orbital altitude (23) of each orbital plane of the plurality of orbital planes while maintaining a sinusoidal arrangement of the relative altitude differences between adjacent orbital planes in the plurality of orbital planes.

Systems and methods for transferring, storing, and/or processing materials, such as fuel or propellant, in space, are disclosed. A representative system includes a flexible container that is changeable between a stowed configuration in which the flexible container is contained within a satellite, and a deployed configuration in which the flexible container extends away from the satellite. The system can include a tanker with a storage container to dock with and refuel a satellite. Another representative system includes a controller programmed with instructions that position a spacecraft with a storage container in a first orbit, transfer the spacecraft to a second orbit, dock the spacecraft with a satellite in the second orbit, transfer material between the storage container and the satellite, undock the spacecraft from the satellite, and, optionally, return the spacecraft to the first orbit. An androgynous coupling system with mechanical and fluid connectors facilitates docking and material transfer.

An optimal rescue orbital elements online decision-making method based on RBFNN for launch vehicles under thrust drop fault includes establishing the flight dynamic equations of launch vehicles in the second-stage ascending phase in the geocentric inertial coordinate system, to construct a series of optimization problems of maximum semi-major axis of circular orbit under the thrust drop fault. The method further includes using the adaptive pseudo-spectrum method to solve the optimization problems of maximum semi-major, and using the maximum and minimum method to normalize the sample data to [−1, 1], using the orthogonal least square method to select the data center of the radial basis function neural network (RBFNN), where the Gaussian function is selected as the radial basis function, and the RBFNN is trained offline to establish a nonlinear mapping relationship from the fault states to the optimal rescue orbital elements.

A satellite system may have a constellation of communications satellites in orbits such as highly inclined eccentric geosynchronous orbits and low earth orbits. To place satellites in inclined eccentric geosynchronous orbits, a series of launch vehicles may be launched. Each launch vehicle may be used to place a set of satellites, such as a set of three satellites, into a common orbital plane with distinct longitude of ascending node values. To place satellites in low earth orbits, a series of launch vehicles may be launched, each of which releases satellites in sequence from a stack of satellites into a common orbital plane. After desired separations have been produced between the released satellites, circularization procedures may be performed using the propulsion systems of the satellites to place the satellites into final orbit.