Disclosed is a composition for preventing, treating or ameliorating a viral infection disease, which is safe for human application since the safety of a reactive oxygen species production inhibitor and a reactive oxygen species scavenger has already been verified. The disclosure utilizes inversely the mechanism of viruses which induces oxidative damage of a host cell and then activates viral replication and infection. Although not having direct specificity to a specific virus like existing vaccines, the composition can effectively inhibit proliferation of all viruses including oxidative stress, regardless of virus type or mutations. It can be applied as a sub-universal infection inhibitor and therapeutic agent as a limited alternative to vaccines that must be newly developed each year due to emergence of new viruses or viral mutations, and is expected to be used as a preventive agent or auxiliary agent to prevent epidemics.

A grain crop may have an increased amount of nicotianamine (NA). The increased NA may correlate with an increased bioavailability of iron in the grain and any product, such as ground flour, resulting from processing of the grain. The increase of NA may be achieved through the expression of the OsNAS2 gene. Further, a grain flour produced from a transformed grain plant may have an increased amount of NA, and thus an increased amount of bio-available iron, as compared to a grain flour produced from a non-transformed grain plant of the same species. The grain flour produced from the transformed grain plant (“biofortified flour”) may be used in food production for feed to animals or humans. Such a feed including the biofortified flour may improve the gut health and/or the feed efficiency of the eater as compared to the gut health for an eater of non-biofortified flour.

Provided herein are supplements that include free amino acids L-glutamine or a salt thereof, L-leucine or a salt thereof, nd L-arginine or a salt thereof, and active IGF-1. The L-glutamine or salt thereof, L-leucine or salt thereof, and L-arginine or salt thereof can be present at a ratio of approximately 3:1:1. Also provided are compositions that include the supplement, such as a food product. The disclosure also includes, but is not limited to, methods for using the supplements, including improving the performance of an animal, improving a processing factor of an animal, or increasing intestinal health of an animal, where the method includes administering to the animal a food product that has the supplement.

Provided herein are supplements that include free amino acids L-glutamine or a salt thereof, L-leucine or a salt thereof, nd L-arginine or a salt thereof, and active IGF-1. The L-glutamine or salt thereof, L-leucine or salt thereof, and L-arginine or salt thereof can be present at a ratio of approximately 3:1:1. Also provided are compositions that include the supplement, such as a food product. The disclosure also includes, but is not limited to, methods for using the supplements, including improving the performance of an animal, improving a processing factor of an animal, or increasing intestinal health of an animal, where the method includes administering to the animal a food product that has the supplement.

Described herein are methods of producing animal feed made up of oligosaccharide compositions, as well as methods of producing such oligosaccharide compositions and animal feed compositions, and methods of using such animal feed compositions to enhance animal growth.

Described herein are methods of producing animal feed made up of oligosaccharide compositions, as well as methods of producing such oligosaccharide compositions and animal feed compositions, and methods of using such animal feed compositions to enhance animal growth.

Provided is a method of preparing a granular feed additive. When the method of preparing a granular feed additive according to one exemplary embodiment is used, it is possible to prepare a granular feed additive including a high content of basic amino acids while preventing hygroscopicity and agglomeration caused by the basic amino acids. In addition, since the method of preparing a granular feed additive according to one exemplary embodiment may omit a process of using hydrochloric acid, which is generally used to neutralize basic amino acids, it is possible to simplify the process and to solve process problems caused by the use of hydrochloric acid.

Provided is a method of preparing a granular feed additive. When the method of preparing a granular feed additive according to one exemplary embodiment is used, it is possible to prepare a granular feed additive including a high content of basic amino acids while preventing hygroscopicity and agglomeration caused by the basic amino acids. In addition, since the method of preparing a granular feed additive according to one exemplary embodiment may omit a process of using hydrochloric acid, which is generally used to neutralize basic amino acids, it is possible to simplify the process and to solve process problems caused by the use of hydrochloric acid.

Bone mineral content, 25(OH) vitamin D3, or 1,25(OH).sub.2 vitamin D3 in a companion animal can be improved by adjusting the diet of the animal to increase the amount of a compound which positively or negatively modulates the bone mineral content, 25(OH) vitamin D3, or 1,25(OH).sub.2 vitamin D3 or adjusting the diet of the animal to decrease the amount of a compound which positively or negatively modulates the bone mineral content, 25(OH) vitamin D3, or 1,25(OH).sub.2 vitamin D3.

Bone mineral content, 25(OH) vitamin D3, or 1,25(OH).sub.2 vitamin D3 in a companion animal can be improved by adjusting the diet of the animal to increase the amount of a compound which positively or negatively modulates the bone mineral content, 25(OH) vitamin D3, or 1,25(OH).sub.2 vitamin D3 or adjusting the diet of the animal to decrease the amount of a compound which positively or negatively modulates the bone mineral content, 25(OH) vitamin D3, or 1,25(OH).sub.2 vitamin D3.