A gas sensor including a substrate, an output layer, a sensing layer, and a nanoporous polymer film is provided. The output layer is disposed on the substrate. The sensing layer is disposed on the output layer. The nanoporous polymer film is disposed on the sensing layer.

A composite membrane comprising: (A) a porous support; (B) optionally a gutter layer; (C) a first discriminating layer; (D) an outermost layer; and (E) a non-discriminating layer interposed between the first discriminating layer (C) and the outermost layer (D); wherein the outermost layer (D) is a discriminating layer comprising a polyimide polymer.

A composite membrane comprising: (A) a porous support; (B) optionally a gutter layer; (C) a first discriminating layer; (D) an outermost layer; and (E) a non-discriminating layer interposed between the first discriminating layer (C) and the outermost layer (D); wherein the outermost layer (D) is a discriminating layer comprising a polyimide polymer.

A composite membrane comprising: a) a porous support; b) a gutter layer; and c) a discriminating layer;
wherein at least 10% of the discriminating layer is intermixed with the gutter layer.

A composite membrane comprising: a) a porous support; b) a gutter layer; and c) a discriminating layer;
wherein at least 10% of the discriminating layer is intermixed with the gutter layer.

The disclosure provides methods of removing aggregate from a composition comprising a protein, an aggregate of the protein and a liquid carrier. The method involves subjecting the composition to one or more filtering steps comprising passing the composition through a cellulose acetate membrane to selectively adsorb at least some of the aggregate onto the membrane while substantially allowing the protein to pass through the membrane. Preferred protein compositions for aggregate removal comprise antibodies conjugated to chelating ligands.

The disclosure provides methods of removing aggregate from a composition comprising a protein, an aggregate of the protein and a liquid carrier. The method involves subjecting the composition to one or more filtering steps comprising passing the composition through a cellulose acetate membrane to selectively adsorb at least some of the aggregate onto the membrane while substantially allowing the protein to pass through the membrane. Preferred protein compositions for aggregate removal comprise antibodies conjugated to chelating ligands.

A multi-stage process for recovering acid gas from natural gas having high acid gas contents utilizes two or more membrane absorption contactors arranged in series. The first membrane absorption contactor uses a physical solvent to remove a high volume of acid gas transferred across a membrane, and to reduce the acid gas content in the natural gas to a lower level that can be managed using chemical solvents. The second and, if needed, subsequent membrane absorption contactors can use a chemical solvent to remove acid gas transferred across the respective membranes and reduce the acid gas content in the natural gas to very low levels, if needed, depending on product specifications.

A multi-stage process for recovering acid gas from natural gas having high acid gas contents utilizes two or more membrane absorption contactors arranged in series. The first membrane absorption contactor uses a physical solvent to remove a high volume of acid gas transferred across a membrane, and to reduce the acid gas content in the natural gas to a lower level that can be managed using chemical solvents. The second and, if needed, subsequent membrane absorption contactors can use a chemical solvent to remove acid gas transferred across the respective membranes and reduce the acid gas content in the natural gas to very low levels, if needed, depending on product specifications.

Provided is a gas separation membrane 10 including a separation layer 1 which comprises a block copolymer having at least a first segment and a second segment, in which the separation layer 1 has a phase separation structure that has at least a first structure 11 derived from the first segment and a spherical second structure 12 derived from the second segment. The gas separation membrane in which the spherical second structure satisfies Formula 1, the first structure and the spherical second structure satisfy the following Formula 2, and the first structure 11 has a structure that is continuous in the thickness direction over the entire thickness of the separation layer 1 has high gas permeability and high gas separation selectivity. Also provided is a gas separation membrane module.
R/L<0.4Formula 1:
Ps/Pf<1Formula 2: (R represents the average diameter of the spherical second structure, L represents the thickness of the separation layer, Ps represents the permeability coefficient of the first structure, and Pf represents the permeability coefficient of the spherical second structure. In this case, Ps and Pf represent the permeability coefficient of a gas with a higher permeability coefficient in the first structure, among two kinds of gases.)