Embodiments of the present disclosure include a process and a system for solubilizing a surfactant in supercritical carbon dioxide that include providing a turbulent flow of the supercritical carbon dioxide into which the surfactant solubilizes and injecting the surfactant into the turbulent flow of the supercritical carbon dioxide to achieve a Jet Mixing Number of 0.01 to 1.0. In one or more embodiments, a pump provides turbulent flow to supercritical carbon dioxide moving through at least a portion of piping, and an injector associated with the piping conveys the surfactant through surfaces defining a port in the injector to inject the surfactant into the turbulent flow of the supercritical carbon dioxide so as to achieve the Jet Mixing Number of 0.01 to 1.0.

A mixing system configured to mix a process gas into a mainstream to be processed, the mixing system comprises a distribution channel, an injection unit and a static mixing unit; the injection unit comprises a manifold and a main injection ring, the manifold is adapted to receive said fluid or gas to be injected into the mainstream via said main injection ring, said main injection ring has a circular or annular structure and is provided with a plurality of injection orifices for introducing said process gas into the mainstream.

One aspect of the invention relates to a method comprising a single-stage conversion of an atmospheric pollutant, such as NO, NO.sub.2 and/or SO.sub.x in a first stream to one or more mineral acids and/or salts thereof by reacting with nonionic gas phase chlorine dioxide (ClO.sub.2.sup.0), wherein the reaction is carried out in the gas phase. Another aspect of the invention relates to a method comprising first adjusting the atmospheric pollutant concentrations in a first stream to a molar ratio of about 1:1, and then reacting with an aqueous metal hydroxide solution (MOH). Another aspect of the invention relates to an apparatus that can be used to carry out the methods disclosed herein. The methods disclosed herein are unexpectedly efficient and cost effective, and can be applied to a stream comprising high concentration and large volume of atmospheric pollutants.

The present invention relates to a device configured for treating an exhaust gas from a fuel cell, the device including: a tube member discharging an exhaust gas from a fuel cell stack; a gas guide portion provided in a tube member and configured to guide a target gas contained in the exhaust gas to the outside of the tube member; and a guide tube spaced from the gas guide portion and provided to cover the gas guide portion such that it is possible to obtain an advantageous effect of effectively reducing a concentration of the target gas in the exhaust gas discharged from the fuel cell.

Methods related generally to the removal of atmospheric pollutants from the gas phase, are provided. The methods involve contacting a first stream comprising NO and/or NO.sub.2 with a second stream comprising (ClO.sub.2).sup.0 to provide a third stream comprising NO and NO.sub.2 at a molar ratio of about 1:1; and contacting the third stream with a fourth stream comprising an aqueous metal hydroxide (MOH) solution to convert NO and NO.sub.2 to MNO.sub.2.