In a cooled axial flow converter, in which process gas passes from an outer annulus via a catalyst bed, wherein the process gas is converted to a product, to an inner centre tube, the catalyst bed comprises at least one module comprising at least one catalyst layer. Feed means are arranged to provide a flow of process gas from the outer annulus to an inlet part of one or more modules, and collector means are arranged to provide a flow of product stream of converted process gas, which has passed axially down the catalyst bed of one or more of the modules to the centre tube. At least one of the one or more modules comprises one or more cooling plates arranged to be cooled by a cooling fluid.

In an adiabatic axial flow converter, in which process gas passes from an outer annulus via a catalyst bed, wherein the process gas is converted to a product, to an inner centre tube, the catalyst bed comprises at least one module comprising one or more catalyst layers. Feed means are arranged to provide a flow of process gas from the outer annulus to an inlet part of one or more modules, and collector means are arranged to provide a flow of product stream of converted process gas which passes axially through the catalyst bed of one or more of the modules to the centre tube.

A method of testing a catalyst in a reactor comprises supplying a feedstock into an upstream end of the reactor and arranging an annular basket within the reactor at a downstream position in the reactor, the annular basket having a central aperture for receiving the flow of feedstock and plurality of stacked layers separated by fluid permeable material, the plurality of stacked layers including a layer of grading material positioned upstream of a layer containing a primary catalyst to be tested for a chemical process. The grading material is adapted to filter out contaminants within the feedstock and to thereby protect the primary catalyst within the basket. Embodiments and methods can utilize layers comprising a first layer containing the primary catalyst, a second layer containing a hydrometallization catalyst and a third layer containing grading material having solid trap particles with reduced catalytic activity.

In a converter for the catalytic oxidation of SO.sub.2 to SO.sub.3 in a sulfuric acid plant, which comprises a boiler section for the cooling of process gas between catalytic layers (beds), one or more water tube boilers (inter-bed boilers) having horizontal or slightly sloped tubes are used to cool the process gas between the catalytic layers (beds) in the converter. Each water tube boiler is provided with a process gas side bypass to control the temperature to the downstream catalyst layer.

Provided is a hydrogen production reactor as a reactor producing a reforming gas including hydrogen, in which a burning unit and a reforming unit are sequentially arranged and spaced apart from each other in a concentric structure based on a raw material transfer pipe positioned at a central axis of the reactor, including a heating raw material transfer pipe supplying a raw material to the burning unit, a burning unit burning the supplied raw material and supplying heat to the reforming unit, a reforming raw material phase change pipe positioned within the burning unit and heating the supplied raw material, and a reforming unit reforming the phase-changed raw material supplied from the reforming raw material phase change pipe, wherein the reforming raw material phase change pipe is provided as a coil surrounding an outer circumferential surface of a lower end of the heating raw material transfer pipe.

In an adiabatic axial flow converter, in which process gas passes from an outer annulus via a catalyst bed, wherein the process gas is converted to a product, to an inner centre tube, the catalyst bed comprises at least one module comprising one or more catalyst layers. Feed means are arranged to provide a flow of process gas from the outer annulus to an inlet part of one or more modules, and collector means are arranged to provide a flow of product stream of converted process gas which passes axially through the catalyst bed of one or more of the modules to the centre tube.

A method and reactor for performing exothermic reactions with parallel operated catalyst modules arranged in stacked order within a pressure shell and adapted to axial flow of process gas through one or more catalyst layers and at least one catalyst layer cooled by an intrabed heat exchanger.

Disclosed herein are various examples of systems, methods and devices for an oxygen reduction system with a universally compatible, adaptive front end that can be coupled with various different gas sources, wherein the oxygen reduction system determines its operations separate and independent from any signal lines from any upstream components or systems. In one example, the oxygen reduction system determines its functions, operations, and operational states from parameters that it measures from the input gas stream and other internal measurements. In this manner, installation of an oxygen reduction system is simplified, time-efficient and universal, and embodiments of the present disclosure provide for oxygen reduction systems that can be installed in a variety of different environments, applications, and with new or existing natural gas productions sites.

A reactor having a shell comprising one or more reactor tubes located within the shell, said reactor tube or tubes comprising a plurality of catalyst receptacles containing catalyst; means for providing a heat transfer fluid to the reactor shell such that the heat transfer fluid contacts the tube or tubes; an inlet for providing reactants to the reactor tubes; and an outlet for recovering products from the reactor tubes; wherein the plurality of catalyst receptacles containing catalyst within a tube comprises catalyst receptacles containing catalyst of at least two configurations.

In a converter for the catalytic oxidation of SO.sub.2 to SO.sub.3 in a sulfuric acid plant, which comprises a boiler section for the cooling of process gas between catalytic layers (beds), one or more water tube boilers (inter-bed boilers) having horizontal or slightly sloped tubes are used to cool the process gas between the catalytic layers (beds) in the converter. Each water tube boiler is provided with a process gas side bypass to control the temperature to the down-stream catalyst layer.