A metal loaded catalyst comprises a support and main active metal components and optional auxiliary active metal components, wherein the main active metal components are elementary substances and obtained by ionizing radiation reducing precursors of main active metal components. The catalyst can be widely used in the catalytic reactions of petrochemistry industry with high activity and selectivity. The catalyst can be used directly without being reduced preliminarily by hydrogen.

An oxidation catalyst is described for treating an exhaust gas produced by a diesel engine comprising a catalytic region and a substrate, wherein the catalytic region comprises a catalytic material comprising: bismuth (Bi), antimony (Sb) or an oxide thereof; a platinum group metal (PGM) selected from the group consisting of (i) platinum (Pt), (ii) palladium (Pd) and (iii) platinum (Pt) and palladium (Pd); and a support material, which is a refractory oxide: wherein the platinum group metal (PGM) is supported on the support material; and wherein the bismuth (Bi), antimony (Sb) or an oxide thereof is supported on the support material and/or the refractory oxide comprises the bismuth, antimony or an oxide thereof.

Disclosed are methods for synthesizing an ester or a carboxylic acid from an organic alcohol. To form the ester one reacts, in the presence of oxygen gas, the alcohol with methanol or ethanol. This reaction occurs in the presence of a catalyst comprising palladium and a co-catalyst comprising bismuth, tellurium, lead, cerium, titanium, zinc and/or niobium (most preferably at least bismuth and tellurium). Alternatively that catalyst can be used to generate an acid from that alcohol, when water is also added to the reaction mix.

Heterogenous azeotrope or azeotrope-like compositions comprising 2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (HFCO-1233xf) and water which may include from about 0.09 wt. % to about 92.69 wt. % 2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (HFCO-1233xf) and from about 7.31 wt. % to about 99.91 wt. % water and having a boiling point between about 12.0 C. and about 13.6 C. at a pressure of between about 12.5 psia and about 16.5 psia. The azeotrope or azeotrope-like compositions may be used to separate impurities, including water, from 2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (HFCO-1233xf).

A process for preparing an aromatic isocyanate by direct carbonylation of a nitro aromatic compound by reacting the nitro aromatic compound with carbon monoxide in the presence of a catalyst, characterized in that the catalyst contains a multi metallic material comprising one or more binary intermetallic phases of the general formula A.sub.xB.sub.y wherein: A is one or more element selected from Ni, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ir, Pt and Ag, B is one or more element selected from Sn, Sb, Pb, Zn, Ga, In, Ge and As, x is in the range 0.1-10, y in is in the range 0.1-10.

Heterogenous azeotrope or azeotrope-like compositions comprising 2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (HFCO-1233xf) and water which may include from about 0.09 wt. % to about 92.69 wt. % 2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (HFCO-1233xf) and from about 7.31 wt. % to about 99.91 wt. % water and having a boiling point between about 12.0 C. and about 13.6 C. at a pressure of between about 12.5 psia and about 16.5 psia. The azeotrope or azeotrope-like compositions may be used to separate impurities, including water, from 2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (HFCO-1233xf).