Bifidobacterium longum strains and cell wall fractions isolated from Bifidobacterium longum strains are useful in the prophylaxis or treatment of a respiratory viral infection in a subject. They are also useful in the prophylaxis of a secondary bacterial infection associated with a respiratory viral infection in a subject, especially a subject who is susceptible to respiratory infections.

The present disclosure relates to probiotics and probiotic compositions having modified energy metabolisms (e.g., modifying, metabolizing, or storing energy molecules, e.g., lipids, before the energy molecules are absorbed by a host subject), and thus modulating the absorption of the energy molecules by the host subject. The present disclosure also relates to methods of making such probiotics and probiotic compositions. The present disclosure further relates to methods of regulating (e.g., maintaining or reducing) body weight in a subject (e.g., a subject having a healthy BMI, a subject having an overweight BMI, a subject having an obese BMI), using the probiotics and probiotic compositions disclosed herein.

The present disclosure relates to probiotics and probiotic compositions having modified energy metabolisms (e.g., modifying, metabolizing, or storing energy molecules, e.g., lipids, before the energy molecules are absorbed by a host subject), and thus modulating the absorption of the energy molecules by the host subject. The present disclosure also relates to methods of making such probiotics and probiotic compositions. The present disclosure further relates to methods of regulating (e.g., maintaining or reducing) body weight in a subject (e.g., a subject having a healthy BMI, a subject having an overweight BMI, a subject having an obese BMI), using the probiotics and probiotic compositions disclosed herein.

Described herein are methods and compositions for using microbial agents (probiotics) and agents that promote growth of certain microbes (prebiotics) for management (including prevention and treatment) of musculoskeletal disorders, including osteoporosis, osteopenia, Paget's disease, stunting, osteoarthritis, osteomyelitis, and delayed or non-union fractures.

Described herein are methods and compositions for using microbial agents (probiotics) and agents that promote growth of certain microbes (prebiotics) for management (including prevention and treatment) of musculoskeletal disorders, including osteoporosis, osteopenia, Paget's disease, stunting, osteoarthritis, osteomyelitis, and delayed or non-union fractures.

The present invention relates to a method for preparing a comestible product, in particular a fermented beverage containing stevia extract. A further aspect of the invention is a comestible product obtainable by the method of the invention.

A composition for activating cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) containing a spirulina extract is provided. A composition for CTL activation for proliferation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) containing a spirulina extract is provided. Moreover, a pharmaceutical composition for CTL activation or a food or a drink for CTL activation containing the composition for CTL activation is provided.

A combination of probiotics for improving body compositions includes Lacticaseibacillus paracasei S38 and Bacillus coagulans BC198. The combination of probiotics can be a medicine composition, a nutrient supplement, healthy food or a combination thereof. The applications of the combination of probiotics include weight loss, reduction of fat, abatement of appetite, production of butyric acid within intestinal tracts and anf increased count of Akkermansia muciniphila or Ruminococcaceae inside intestines.

A combination of probiotics for improving body compositions includes Lacticaseibacillus paracasei S38 and Bacillus coagulans BC198. The combination of probiotics can be a medicine composition, a nutrient supplement, healthy food or a combination thereof. The applications of the combination of probiotics include weight loss, reduction of fat, abatement of appetite, production of butyric acid within intestinal tracts and anf increased count of Akkermansia muciniphila or Ruminococcaceae inside intestines.

Disclosed are methods of reducing the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis in an infant, toddler, or child using nutritional compositions including human milk oligosaccharides. The nutritional compositions including the human milk oligosaccharides are effective in reducing inflammation and the incidence of inflammatory diseases.