The invention relates to a fluorination process, alternately comprising reaction stages and regeneration stages, wherein the reaction stages comprise reacting a chlorinated compound with hydrogen fluoride in gas phase in the presence of a fluorination catalyst to produce a fluorinated compound, and the regeneration stages comprise contacting the fluorination catalyst with an oxidizing agent-containing gas flow.

The invention relates to converting non-aromatic hydrocarbon in the presence of CO.sub.2 to produce aromatic hydrocarbon. CO.sub.2 methanation using molecular hydrogen produced during the aromatization increases aromatic hydrocarbon yield. The invention also relates to equipment and materials useful in such upgrading, to processes for carrying out such upgrading, and to the use of such processes for, e.g., natural gas upgrading.

A composite photocatalyst, a manufacturing method thereof, the kits including the composite photocatalyst, and a bactericide photocatalyst. A composite photocatalyst includes photocatalyst nanocrystals and platinum nanocrystals. The photocatalyst nanocrystals include a compound represented by the following chemical formula (1):
A.sup.2+(B.sup.3+).sub.2X.sub.4chemical formula (1), wherein A.sup.2+ represents Zn.sup.2+, Cu.sup.2+, Fe.sup.2+, Mn.sup.2+, Ni.sup.2+, Co.sup.2+ or Ag.sub.2.sup.2+; B.sup.3+ represents Fe.sup.3+, Mn.sup.3+ or Cr.sup.3+; and X represents O.sup.2.

An embodiment of the present invention provides a method for forming a metal oxide coating layer on a catalyst support, which comprises a precipitation step for forming a metal-containing precipitate on the catalyst support by contacting the catalyst support with a mixed solution containing a metal oxide precursor and a precipitant, and a calcination step for calcinating the metal-containing precipitate produced on the catalyst support to produce the metal oxide coating layer on the catalyst support.

The present invention provides a process of catalytic fluorination in gas phase of product 1,1,1,2,3-pentachloropropane or/and 1,1,2,2,3-pentachloropropane into product 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene in presence of a catalyst.

The present invention relates to a fluorination process, comprising: an activation stage comprising contacting a fluorination catalyst with an oxidizing agent-containing gas flow for at least one hour; and at least one reaction stage comprising reacting a chlorinated compound with hydrogen fluoride in gas phase in the presence of the fluorination catalyst, so as to produce a fluorinated compound.

The present invention relates to a fluorination process, comprising: an activation stage comprising contacting a fluorination catalyst with an oxidizing agent-containing gas flow for at least one hour; and at least one reaction stage comprising reacting a chlorinated compound with hydrogen fluoride in gas phase in the presence of the fluorination catalyst, so as to produce a fluorinated compound.

A method for controllably producing a hematite-containing Fischer-Tropsch catalyst by combining an iron nitrate solution with a precipitating agent solution at a precipitating temperature and over a precipitation time to form a precipitate comprising iron phases; holding the precipitate from at a hold temperature for a hold time to provide a hematite containing precipitate; and washing the hematite containing precipitate via contact with a wash solution and filtering, to provide a washed hematite containing catalyst. The method may further comprise promoting the washed hematite containing catalyst with a chemical promoter; spray drying the promoted hematite containing catalyst; and calcining the spray dried hematite containing catalyst to provide a calcined hematite-containing Fischer-Tropsch catalyst.

A process for upgrading a hydrocarbon-based composition includes combining a heated water stream and a pressurized, heated hydrocarbon-based composition in a mixing device to create a combined feed stream. The combined feed stream is introduced into a supercritical water reactor operating at a temperature greater than a critical temperature of water and a pressure greater than a critical pressure of water. The combined feed stream is at least partially converted to an upgraded product. At least one catalyst lobular structure is present in the supercritical water reactor.

A process for the production of hydrocarbon products from a feed comprising at least one non-pre-treated bio-oil, comprising a first step for hydroreforming in the presence of hydrogen and a hydroreforming catalyst, used alone or as a mixture, to obtain at least one liquid effluent comprising at least one aqueous phase and at least one organic phase, a second step in which at least a portion of the organic phase of the effluent obtained from the first hydroreforming step is recycled to the first hydroreforming step with a recycle ratio equal to the ratio of the mass flow rate of said organic phase to the mass flow rate of the non-pre-treated bio-oil in the range 0.05 to 2 and in which the hydrocarbon effluent obtained from the hydrotreatment and/or hydrocracking step is not recycled to said first hydroreforming step.