Redox catalysts having surface medication, methods of making redox catalysts with surface modification, and uses of the surface modified redox catalysts are provided. In some aspects, the redox catalysts include a core oxygen carrier region such as CaMnO.sub.3, BaMnO.sub.3−δ, SrMnO.sub.3−δ, Mn.sub.2SiO.sub.4, Mn.sub.2MgO.sub.4−δ, La.sub.0.8Sr.sub.0.2O.sub.3−δ, La.sub.0.8Sr.sub.0.2FeO.sub.3−δ, Ca.sub.9Ti.sub.0.1Mn.sub.0.9O.sub.3−δ, Pr.sub.6O.sub.11−δ, manganese ore, or a combination thereof; and an outer shell having an average thickness of about 1-100 monolayers surrounding the outer surface of the core region. The outer shell can include, for example a salt selected such as Li.sub.2WO.sub.4, Na.sub.2WO.sub.4, K.sub.2WO.sub.4, SrWO.sub.4, Li.sub.2MoO.sub.4, Na.sub.2MoO.sub.4, K.sub.2MoO.sub.4, CsMoO.sub.4, Li.sub.2CO.sub.3, Na.sub.2CO.sub.3, K.sub.2CO.sub.3, or a combination thereof.

A dewaxing catalyst was prepared through the dissolution of nickel oxide and tungsten powders in an aqueous medium, followed by the impregnation of a ZSM-5 substrate and calcination at 500° C. The synthesized catalyst was used in conjunction with a pyrolytic reactor running at a set point of 360° C. to break down a mixture of plastic grocery bags. The catalyst was found to be selective to the C9 - C22 isomers typical of diesel No. 2. Gas chromatographic analysis indicated the fraction of C24 and heavier components in the pyrolysis product was only 1.0%.

A dewaxing catalyst was prepared through the dissolution of nickel oxide and tungsten powders in an aqueous medium, followed by the impregnation of a ZSM-5 substrate and calcination at 500° C. The synthesized catalyst was used in conjunction with a pyrolytic reactor running at a set point of 360° C. to break down a mixture of plastic grocery bags. The catalyst was found to be selective to the C9 - C22 isomers typical of diesel No. 2. Gas chromatographic analysis indicated the fraction of C24 and heavier components in the pyrolysis product was only 1.0%.

An adsorbent is in a liquid-phase hydrogenation catalyst composition. A catalyst bed containing the liquid-phase hydrogenation catalyst composition may be applicable in adsorption technology or oil liquid-phase hydrogenation technology. The adsorbent contains a porous material and a hydrogenation active metal supported on the porous material. The adsorbent has an average pore diameter of 2-15 nm, a specific surface area of 200-500 m.sup.2/g, and the hydrogenation active metal is present in an amount, calculated as metal oxide, of 2.5 wt % or less, based on the total weight of the adsorbent. The adsorbent has a high hydrogen sulfide adsorption efficiency for a long period of time, and can effectively prolong the protection period for the hydrodesulfurization catalyst.

An adsorbent is in a liquid-phase hydrogenation catalyst composition. A catalyst bed containing the liquid-phase hydrogenation catalyst composition may be applicable in adsorption technology or oil liquid-phase hydrogenation technology. The adsorbent contains a porous material and a hydrogenation active metal supported on the porous material. The adsorbent has an average pore diameter of 2-15 nm, a specific surface area of 200-500 m.sup.2/g, and the hydrogenation active metal is present in an amount, calculated as metal oxide, of 2.5 wt % or less, based on the total weight of the adsorbent. The adsorbent has a high hydrogen sulfide adsorption efficiency for a long period of time, and can effectively prolong the protection period for the hydrodesulfurization catalyst.

An iron-potassium-cerium-based composite oxide catalyst, its preparation and application thereof are provided. The catalyst has metal elements Fe, K and Ce, as well as a metal element M that is at least one selected from the group consisting of Group IIA metal elements, Group VIB metal elements other than Cr and Group IVA metal elements. The catalyst has a total alkali content of 0.32-0.46 mmol/g, and a strong alkali content of 0.061-0.082 mmol/g. When used for dehydrogenation of alkyl aromatics, the catalyst shows high selectivity, high catalytic activity and high stability, provides less by-products, and has the characteristics of low material consumption and low power consumption, even at a low dehydrogenation temperature and an ultralow steam-to-oil ratio.

An iron-potassium-cerium-based composite oxide catalyst, its preparation and application thereof are provided. The catalyst has metal elements Fe, K and Ce, as well as a metal element M that is at least one selected from the group consisting of Group IIA metal elements, Group VIB metal elements other than Cr and Group IVA metal elements. The catalyst has a total alkali content of 0.32-0.46 mmol/g, and a strong alkali content of 0.061-0.082 mmol/g. When used for dehydrogenation of alkyl aromatics, the catalyst shows high selectivity, high catalytic activity and high stability, provides less by-products, and has the characteristics of low material consumption and low power consumption, even at a low dehydrogenation temperature and an ultralow steam-to-oil ratio.

Disclosed is a catalyst for use in hydrotreating hydrocarbon feedstocks and methods of making the same catalyst. Specifically, a catalyst is disclosed comprises at least one Group VIB metal component, at least one Group VIII metal component, an organic additive resulting in a C-content of the final catalysts of about 1 to about 30 wt % C, and preferably about 1 to about 20 wt % C, and more preferably about 5 to about 15 wt % C and a titanium-containing carrier component, wherein the amount of the titanium component is in the range of about 3 to about 60 wt %, expressed as an oxide (TiO.sub.2) and based on the total weight of the catalyst. The titanium-containing carrier is formed by co-extruding or precipitating a titanium source with a Al.sub.2O.sub.3 precursor to form a porous support material primarily comprising Al.sub.2O.sub.3 or by impregnating a titanium source onto a porous support material primarily comprising Al.sub.2O.sub.3. Special preference is given to alumina and alumina containing up to and no more than 1 wt % of silica, preferably no more than 0.5 wt % based on the total weight of the support (dry base)

Disclosed is a catalyst for use in hydrotreating hydrocarbon feedstocks and methods of making the same catalyst. Specifically, a catalyst is disclosed comprises at least one Group VIB metal component, at least one Group VIII metal component, an organic additive resulting in a C-content of the final catalysts of about 1 to about 30 wt % C, and preferably about 1 to about 20 wt % C, and more preferably about 5 to about 15 wt % C and a titanium-containing carrier component, wherein the amount of the titanium component is in the range of about 3 to about 60 wt %, expressed as an oxide (TiO.sub.2) and based on the total weight of the catalyst. The titanium-containing carrier is formed by co-extruding or precipitating a titanium source with a AI.sub.2O.sub.3 precursor to form a porous support material primarily comprising AI.sub.2O.sub.3 or by impregnating a titanium source onto a porous support material primarily comprising AI.sub.2O.sub.3. Special preference is given to alumina and alumina containing up to and no more than 1 wt % of silica, preferably no more than 0.5 wt % based on the total weight of the support (dry base).

Disclosed is a hydrofining catalyst comprising: an inorganic refractory component comprising a first hydrodesulfurization catalytically active component in a mixture with at least one oxide selected from the group consisting of alumina, silica, magnesia, calcium oxide, zirconia and titania; a second hydrodesulfurization catalytically active component; and an organic component comprising a carboxylic acid and optionally an alcohol. The hydrofining catalyst of the present application shows improved performance in the hydrofining of distillate oils. Also disclosed are a hydrofining catalyst system comprising the hydrofining catalyst, a method for preparing the catalyst and catalyst system, and a process for the hydrofining of distillate oils using the catalyst or catalyst system.