The present invention provides a bifunctional catalyst of the formula (1): wherein: each R.sup.1 is independently selected from an optionally substituted alkyl group, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl group, an optionally substituted aryl group, an optionally substituted heteroaryl group, an optionally substituted aralkyl group and an optionally substituted alkaryl group; Z represents a divalent organic linking moiety optionally containing one or more stereocenters; and EWG represents an electron-withdrawing group.
(R.sup.1).sub.3PNZNH-EWG(1)

A reaction accelerator is provided which is used in a reaction of a compound including an isocyanate group that is not directly bonded to an aromatic ring in a molecule with a compound including an active hydrogen-containing group and is formed of a compound including a halogenated carbamoyl group. A production method is provided which includes reacting a compound including an isocyanate group that is not directly bonded to an aromatic ring in a molecule with a compound including an active hydrogen-containing group to produce a urethane compound, a thiourethane compound, an amide compound or a urea compound, in which the reaction is performed in the presence of the reaction accelerator.

Provided are a titanium dioxide-coated upconverting nanoparticle (UCNP) and a photocatalyst complex containing a gold nanorod (GNR) combined with the titanium dioxide-coated UCNP.

A diesel exhaust fluid (DEF) for reducing nitrogen oxides in diesel exhaust streams while also reducing the deposition of urea and/or urea decomposition compounds in diesel exhaust systems of engines that use DEF and require selective catalytic reduction. The DEF has about 15 wt. % to about 40 wt % urea; substantially purified water; and a compound additive that generates water in the diesel exhaust streams at temperatures greater than 100 C., interferes with competing reactions that would otherwise prevent decomposition of urea or produce undesired decomposition deposit compounds including biuret, cyanuric acid, ammelide, ammeline, and melamine, or both generates water and interferes with the competing reactions. The compound additive is preferably a sugar, acetic acid, or ammonium acetate. Also disclosed are a related method of using the DEF in a diesel exhaust system and a system including the DEF as one component.

The present invention provides phthalate free impact resistant polypropylene copolymer and methods of preparation, which are produced directly from the polymerization reactor system without further compounding of components which significantly alters the physical properties of the resulting polymer. The copolymer according to the present invention possesses both low temperature ductility and high flexural modulus, wherein said polymer is produced in the presence of a phthalate free ZN catalyst comprising urea component.