Catalysts for facilitating cross-linking of liquid precursors into solid dielectric materials are disclosed. Initially, catalysts are protected, either by coordination with other compounds or by conversion to an ionic salt. Protection prevents catalysts from facilitating cross-linking unless activated. A catalyst is activated upon receiving an excitation, e.g. thermal excitation by heating. Upon receiving an excitation, protection of a catalyst dissociates, decomposes, becomes neutralized, or is otherwise transformed to allow the catalyst to facilitate cross-linking of the precursors into solid dielectric materials. Methods for fabricating dielectric materials using such protected catalysts as well as devices comprising the resulting materials are also described. Dielectric materials comprising cross-linked cyclic carbosilane units having a ring structure including C and Si may be formed in this manner. Protected catalysts disclosed herein allow careful control of precursor cross-linking, resulting in higher quality dielectric materials that may be formed by coating techniques.

A method for preparing 2-mercaptobenzothiazole where the aniline method is adopted to perform reaction in the presence of a catalyst, and the catalyst includes sulfonic acid type imidazolium ionic liquid. The sulfonic acid type imidazolium ionic liquid is a type of acidic functionalized ionic liquid, and has the advantages of both a solid acid and a liquid acid. The sulfonic acid type imidazolium ionic liquid is adopted as an active ingredient of the catalyst, and may remarkably improve a conversion rate of the reaction raw materials and increase a yield of the 2-mercaptobenzothiazole. Meanwhile, due to the characteristics of high catalytic activity, no volatilization, low corrosion, high thermal stability and the like of the 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, the preparation method also has the comprehensive advantages of simple process, low cost, low tar yield, high environment friendliness and the like.

The present invention relates to the technical field of chemical engineering and catalysis. Provided are an application of an ionic liquid in propylene glycol ether synthesis and a method for synthesizing a propylene glycol ether. The ionic liquid is a methyl carbonate ionic liquid, and is used as a catalyst for catalyzing propylene glycol ether synthesis. The method for synthesizing the propylene glycol ether comprises the following steps: placing propylene oxide and an alcohol within a reactor to contact a catalyst, and heating the mixture in an enclosed environment to 50-200 C. to obtain the propylene glycol ether, wherein the catalyst is a methyl carbonate ionic liquid. The method for synthesizing propylene glycol ether provided in the present invention is a green synthesis technique, and does not require special production equipment. The method has simple and easily controllable processes, and can be used in industrial production and applications.

We provide a process for regenerating a spent acidic ionic liquid, comprising contacting the spent acidic ionic liquid with hydrogen and without an addition of a hydrogenation catalyst; wherein a conjunct polymer content is decreased in the spent acidic ionic liquid to produce regenerated acidic ionic liquid. We also provide a process for making an alkylate gasoline blending component, comprising: a) alkylating a mixture of isoparaffins and olefins using an acidic ionic liquid and an alkyl halide or a hydrogen halide, wherein a conjunct polymer accumulates in a spent acidic ionic liquid; and b) feeding the spent acidic ionic liquid and a hydrogen, and without an addition of a hydrogenation catalyst, to a regeneration reactor operated under selected hydrogenation conditions to produce a regenerated acidic ionic liquid that is used for the alkylating, wherein the conjunct polymer in the regenerated acidic ionic liquid is decreased by at least 50 wt %.

An electrochemical device comprises an anode and a cathode. An electrocatalyst mixture is placed between said anode and cathode. The electrocatalyst mixture comprises at least one Catalytically Active Element and, separately, at least one Helper Catalyst comprising an organic molecule, an organic ion, or a mixture of organic molecules and organic ions. The electrocatalyst mixture electrochemically converts carbon dioxide to one or more carbonaceous reaction products via the reaction: CO.sub.2+2e.sup.+2H.sup.+.fwdarw.carbonaceous reaction products, at overpotentials of 0.9 V or less.

The present invention relates to a process for monitoring the catalytic activity of an ionic liquid. In step (a), providing an acidic ionic liquid; (b) providing an organic compound; (c) adding at least a portion of the organic compound to at least a portion of the ionic liquid; (d) recording an infrared spectrum of a mixture from step (c) to obtain at least one absorption peak. In step (e), repeating steps (c) and (d) until at least one absorption peak reaches a maximum value or a minimum value. In step (f), determining at the maximum value or minimum value of step (e): the total amount of the organic compound or the total amount of the ionic liquid added. In step (g), calculating the catalytic activity of the ionic liquid based on: the total amount of the organic compound or the total amount of ionic liquid, as determined in step (f).

We provide a segmented reactor for regenerating a spent acidic ionic liquid via a hydrogenation reaction and hydrocracking, comprising: no solid hydrogenation catalyst; a gas inlet on one side for feeding a gas feed comprising a hydrogen; a liquid inlet on an opposite side for feeding a spent acidic ionic liquid; partitions along an axis of the reactor that create segments, wherein each segment functions as a bubble column reactor; and an outlet from which a regenerated acidic ionic liquid flows out of the segmented reactor.

An anion-conducting polymeric membrane comprises vinylbenzyl-R.sub.s and a substituted ethene. R.sub.s is a positively charged cyclic amine group. The total weight of the vinylbenzyl-R.sub.s groups is greater than 15% of the total weight of the membrane. In a preferred embodiment, the membrane is a Helper Membrane that increases the faradaic efficiency of an electrochemical cell into which the membrane is incorporated, and also allows product formation at lower voltages than in cells without the Helper Membrane.

An integrated system comprising: a. an additive delivery system comprising a transfer drum that feeds an immiscible liquid stream towards one or more injection quills; b. a solvent flushing system, comprising one or more additive addition lines that transfer the immiscible liquid stream from the additive delivery system; and c. an additive injection and mixing system comprising the one or more injection quills, wherein the immiscible liquid stream is injected into a larger liquid stream. Also, a process comprising: a. feeding the immiscible liquid stream to a transfer drum; b. transferring the immiscible liquid stream from the transfer drum to injection quills in a solvent flushing system, wherein the solvent flushing system injects a solvent into one or more additive addition lines in the solvent flushing system; and c. injecting the immiscible liquid stream into the larger liquid stream in an additive injection and mixing system comprising injection quills.

The present disclosure provides a macroporous noble metal catalyst and processes employing such catalysts for the regeneration of deactivated ionic liquid catalyst containing conjunct polymer.