The invention relates to a method for producing a formate, the method including reacting hydrogen with carbon dioxide, a hydrogen carbonate or a carbonate using a catalyst in the presence of a solvent, wherein the reaction is a two-phase system in which an organic solvent and an aqueous solvent are present in a separated state in the solvent, and the catalyst is at least one selected from a ruthenium complex represented by the formula (1) in the specification, a tautomer or stereoisomer thereof, and a salt compound of the complex, tautomer or stereoisomer.

Platinum complexes having benzyl-based diphosphine ligands for the catalysis of the alkoxycarbonylation of ethylenically unsaturated compounds.

Disclosed herein is a method for selectively reducing, using electrical energy, CO.sub.2 to carbon monoxide, a catalyst for use in the method, and an electrochemical reduction system. The method for producing carbon monoxide by electrochemically reducing carbon dioxide of the present invention includes (a) reacting carbon dioxide with a metal complex represented by formula (1), and (b) applying a voltage to a reaction product of the carbon dioxide and the metal complex represented by formula (1):

##STR00001##

Provided herein are heterogeneous catalysts suitable for use in carbonylation reactions, including the production of acrylic acid from ethylene oxide and carbon monoxide on an industrial scale. The production may involve various unit operations, including, for example: a beta-propiolactone production system configured to produce beta-propiolactone from ethylene oxide and carbon monoxide; a polypropiolactone production system configured to produce polypropiolactone from beta-propiolactone; and an acrylic acid production system configured to produce acrylic acid with a high purity by thermolysis of polypropiolactone.

A confined porphyrin Co(II), which is prepared by the following method: Equimolar amounts of aromatic aldehyde and pyrrole are condensed under acidic conditions to synthesize phenyl porphyrin compounds; the phenyl porphyrin compounds are metallized in a chloroform-methanol solution to obtain porphyrin Cu(II), which is brominated and demetallized to obtain confined porphyrin; the confined porphyrin is stirred and refluxed in a methanol solution for 12.0-24.0 h to obtain confined porphyrin Co(II). Its application is as follows: The confined porphyrin Co(II) is dissolved in cycloalkanes; the reaction system is sealed, and heated to 100 to 130° C. with stirring, to which oxygen is introduced to 0.2 to 3.0 MPa; the reaction is carried out for 3.0 to 24.0 h with stirring with the set temperature and oxygen pressure being maintained; and then the reaction solution is subjected to post-treatment to obtain the products.

There is a process for the preparation of polypropylene carbonate having the step of copolymerization of propylene oxide and carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) in the presence of a catalytic system including: at least one catalyst selected from complexes of a transition metal having general formula (I):

##STR00001## at least one co-catalyst selected from: (a) ionic compounds having general formula (II):

##STR00002## and (b) ionic compounds having general formula (III)

##STR00003##

Metal-organic framework materials (MOFs) are highly porous entities comprising a multidentate organic ligand coordinated to multiple metal centers, typically as a coordination polymer. MOFs may comprise a plurality of metal centers, and a multidentate organic ligand coordinated via at least two binding sites to the plurality of metal centers to define an at least partially crystalline network structure having a plurality of internal pores, and in which the multidentate organic ligand comprises first and second binding sites bridged together with a third binding site comprising a diimine moiety. The multidentate organic ligand may comprise a reaction product of a vicinal dicarbonyl compound and an amine-substituted salicylic acid to define the first, second and third binding sites. Particular MOFs may comprise 5,59′-(((1E,2E)-ethane-1,2-diylidene)bis-(azaneylylidene))bis(2-hydroxybenzoic acid) as a multidentate organic ligand.

Methods, kits, cartridges, and compounds related to generating chlorine dioxide by exposing ClO.sub.2.sup.− to at least one of an iron porphyrin catalyst or an iron porphyrazine catalyst are described.

In one aspect, the disclosure relates to catalysts for electrochemical water splitting, in particular catalysts useful for oxygen evolution at an anode in electrochemical water splitting. The disclosed catalysts compositions comprise a catalyst core component, a shell component, and optionally a catalyst outer component; wherein the catalyst core component comprises a composition having the chemical formula M.sub.xP.sub.y; where M is a transition metal; wherein x is a number from about 1 to about 20; wherein y is a number from about 1 to about 20; wherein the shell component comprises a conducting polymer; and wherein the catalyst outer component is a transition metal that is not the same as the transition metal M. This abstract is intended as a scanning tool for purposes of searching in the particular art and is not intended to be limiting of the present disclosure.

The synthesis and structure of beta-diketiminate manganese compounds are described, as well as their use as catalysts for the hydrosilylation and hydroboration of unsaturated organic compounds and main group element-main group element bond formation via dehydrogenative coupling.