An object of the present invention is to provide a novel method for producing a fluorine-containing methylene compound.

The above object can be achieved by a method for producing a compound represented by formula (1):

##STR00001## wherein R.sup.1 represents an organic group, R.sup.A represents hydrogen or fluorine, R.sup.4a represents hydrogen or an organic group, R.sup.4b represents hydrogen or an organic group, R.sup.5a represents hydrogen or an organic group, R.sup.5b represents hydrogen or an organic group, and R.sup.2 represents hydrogen or an organic group; R.sup.2 is optionally connected to R.sup.4a to form a ring; the method comprising step A of reacting a compound represented by formula (2):

##STR00002## wherein X.sup.1 represents a leaving group, and other symbols are as defined above, with a compound represented by formula (3):

##STR00003## wherein X.sup.2 represents a leaving group, and other symbols are as defined above, in the presence of a reducing agent as desired, under light irradiation.

The present invention relates to a composition, comprising a palladium compound which is a palladium salt or a palladium complex or a mixture thereof, and a polycyclic compound of Formula (I), (II) or (III):

A method of making an M-N—C catalyst is disclosed. The method includes the steps of (a) contacting an N-doped carbon support with a basic solution that includes a metal salt, whereby the N-doped carbon support is metalated by the metal cation of the metal salt to form one or more chelated metal-nitrogen complexes (MN.sub.x species); and (b) subsequently contacting the metalated N-doped carbon support with an acid, whereby the one or more MN.sub.x species formed on the N-doped carbon support in step (a) remain intact while other species are removed. The resulting composition may be catalytically activated by heat treating the composition. The activated catalyst may be used to catalyze a wide range of chemical reactions.

Provided are a preparation method of an ion catalyst material for PET chemical recycling and a PET chemical recycling method. The preparation method of an ion catalyst material for PET chemical recycling includes the following. A metal chloride is added to an alkylimidazole-chloride ionic liquid to form a bisalkylimidazole-metal tetrachloride ionic liquid that is grafted on a porous carrier.

Methods and catalysts for oxidizing ammonia to nitrogen are described. Specifically, diruthenium complexes that spontaneously catalyze this reaction are disclosed. Accordingly, the disclosed methods and catalysts can be used in various electrochemical cell-based energy storage and energy production applications that could form the basis for a potential nitrogen economy.

The present invention relates to a novel method for photocatalytic oxidation of allylic C—H bonds present in alkenes containing at least three carbon atoms. In this newly disclosed method, such alkenes, when reacted with carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) in an organic solvent containing a catalyst comprising of a supported molecular complex of transition metal ions under conditions of ambient temperature and pressure using a readily available household LED lamp, yield oxygenated products. The developed method represents a unique way to use CO.sub.2 as an oxygen transfer agent to unsaturated organic compounds along with the formation of CO as a co-product using light as an energy source.

The invention describes metal catalysts such as Pt single-site centers on metal oxide supports, e.g., powdered supports, such as MgO, Al.sub.2O.sub.3, CeO.sub.2 or mixtures thereof with phenyl or biphenyl ligands substituted with two or more carboxylic acid groups.

The disclosure relates to dicarbonyl complexes of ruthenium and osmium with bi- and tridentate nitrogen and phosphine ligands. The disclosure relates to methods for preparing these complexes and the use of these complexes, isolated or prepared in situ, as catalysts for reduction reactions of ketones and aldehydes both via transfer hydrogenation or hydrogenation with hydrogen.

The subject invention provides synthetic compounds, and compound complexes having catalytic activities towards oxidation or oxygenation, and/or dehydrogenation of various substrates comprising C—H bonds. The catalysts of the subject invention comprise a dinuclear Cu(I)/Cu(II) center that can convert between a resting state and a reactive species. The subject invention also provides methods of using such catalysts for the oxidation of substrates comprising C—H bonds, e.g., hydrocarbons, to synthesize chemicals for use as pharmaceuticals and industrial feedstock.

Embodiments of the present disclosure provide for Rh(I) catalysts, methods of making alkenyl substituted arenes (e.g., allyl arene, vinyl arene, and the like), methods of making alkyl substituted arenes, and the like.