A method for enabling gas exchange and chemical reactions with one or more liquid streams contained in a reactive process vessel are provided. One or more exchange layers within the process vessel can be composed of both collector media and releaser media. The exchange layers allow elements to facilitate increased performance of vessel operations by promoting gas component mixing and diffusion. Improved rates of gas component exchange mean less coking and more gas components available for reaction.

A process includes periodically or continuously introducing an olefin monomer and periodically or continuously introducing a catalyst system or catalyst system components into a reaction mixture within a reaction system, oligomerizing the olefin monomer within the reaction mixture to form an oligomer product, and periodically or continuously discharging a reaction system effluent comprising the oligomer product from the reaction system. The reaction system includes a total reaction mixture volume and a heat exchanged portion of the reaction system comprising a heat exchanged reaction mixture volume and a total heat exchanged surface area providing indirect contact between the reaction mixture and a heat exchange medium. A ratio of the total heat exchanged surface area to the total reaction mixture volume within the reaction system is in a range from 0.75 in.sup.−1 to 5 in.sup.−1, and an oligomer product discharge rate from the reaction system is between 1.0 (lb)(hr.sup.−1)(gal.sup.−1) to 6.0 (lb)(hr.sup.−1)(gal.sup.−1).

A method for enabling gas exchange and chemical reactions with one or more liquid streams contained in a reactive process vessel are provided. One or more exchange layers within the process vessel can be composed of both collector media and releaser media. The exchange layers allow elements to facilitate increased performance of vessel operations by promoting gas component mixing and diffusion. Improved rates of gas component exchange mean less coking and more gas components available for reaction.

The present invention relates to a process for polymerizing olefin monomer(s) in a gas solids olefin polymerization reactor wherein the fluidization gas is split and returned to the reactor into the bottom zone of the reactor and directly into the dense phase formed by particles of a polymer of the olefin monomer(s) suspended in an upwards flowing stream of the fluidization gas in the middle zone of the reactor.

The present invention relates to a process for the continuous preparation of a polyolefin in a reactor from one or more -olefin monomers of which at least one is ethylene or propylene, wherein the reactor comprises a fluidized bed, an expanded section located at or near the top of the reactor, a distribution plate located at the lower part of the reactor and an inlet for a recycle stream located under the distribution plate wherein the process comprisesfeeding a polymerization catalyst to the fluidized bed in the area above the distribution platefeeding the one or more -olefin monomers to the reactorwithdrawing the polyolefin from the reactorcirculating fluids from the top of the reactor to the bottom of the reactor, wherein the circulating fluids are compressed using a compressor and subsequently cooled using a heat exchanger to form a cooled recycle stream comprising liquid, and wherein the cooled recycle stream is introduced into the reactor using the inlet for the recycle stream wherein a part of the cooled recycle stream is drawn to form a liquid comprising stream, wherein the liquid comprising stream is introduced into the expanded section during at least part of the polymerization process, and wherein the liquid comprising stream is brought into contact with at least part of the interior surface of the expanded section.

A carbonaceous feed pyrolysis apparatus is provided including two or more hot particle fluidised beds, one of which contains a combustion zone, and one or more positive displacement apparatus for the transfer of hot particles beds. Also provided is a bio-oil production process including two or more fluidised beds, a first combustion zone carried out in one or more combustion fluidised beds in which a particulate material is fluidised and heated, and a second pyrolysis zone carried out in one or more pyrolysis fluidised beds in which hot particles heated in the combustion zone are used for pyrolysis of bio-mass, the combustion zone being operated at or about atmospheric pressure at a temperature of from 400 C. to 1100 C., and the pyrolysis zone being operated at a pressure of from atmospheric to 100 Barg at a temperature of from 400 C. to 900 C.

Process and apparatus for producing a hydrogen-containing product by steam-hydrocarbon reforming of multiple hydrocarbon feedstocks in a production facility utilizing a prereformer in addition to the primary reformer. The temperature of the reactant mixture introduced into the prereformer is controlled depending on the composition of the reactant mixture fed to the prereformer.

Methods and systems to decarbonize natural gas using sulfur to produce hydrogen and polymers are provided. Sulfur can be introduced in elemental form or as hydrogen sulfide, as may be desired. Decarbonization of natural gas involves introducing natural gas and H.sub.2S to a first reactor to produce first reactor products including CS.sub.2 and H.sub.2. The CS.sub.2 can subsequently be polymerized and the H.sub.2 recovered in a purified form with little or no carbon emissions.

A reactor layout for a process of methanol production from low quality synthesis gas, in which relatively smaller adiabatic reactors can be operated more efficiently, some of the inherent disadvantages of adiabatic reactors for methanol production are avoided. This is done by controlling the outlet temperature in the pre-converter by rapid adjustment of the recycle gas, i.e. by manipulating the gas hourly space velocity in the pre-converter.

A process for regenerating catalyst from a fluidized catalytic process comprising is disclosed. The process comprises providing an oxygen stream and a preheated carbon dioxide recycle stream and mixing the oxygen stream and the preheated carbon dioxide recycle stream to provide a carbon dioxide rich oxidation stream. The carbon dioxide rich oxidation stream is passed to a regenerator unit to provide a carbon dioxide rich flue gas stream. One or more of a sulfur-containing compound, a nitrogen-containing compound, or both in the carbon dioxide rich flue gas stream is reacted with a reactant in a decontamination reactor to form a reactor effluent stream comprising reactant salt. The reactor effluent stream is filtered to remove the reactant salt and catalyst fines to produce a filtered reactor effluent stream. A carbon dioxide recycle stream is taken from the filtered reactor effluent stream.