An autoclave system comprises an autoclave vessel 210, for performing a leaching operation on sacrificial ceramic cores (not shown) and a storage vessel 220 for containing caustic leaching fluid 230. Interposed in a fluid flow path between the vessel 210 and the tank 220 is a heat exchange unit 240, comprising a body 250 containing a thermal exchange medium, in the form of water 260, and first and second thermal exchange conduits represented at 270 and 280. A thermal exchange medium inlet pipe 290a and a thermal exchange medium outlet pipe 290b are provided to the body so that the medium 260 can be replenished, preferably substantially continuously, to optimize thermal transfer efficiency.

Various embodiments include a reactor comprising: a longitudinally extending reaction channel providing a flow path for a first reactant; a feed channel providing a flow path for a second reactant; multiple passage openings spaced apart from one another providing fluidic connecting between the feed channel and the reaction channel via respective partial streams for the second reactant; and a medium channel surrounding the reaction channel to bring a medium for exchange of heat with contents of the reaction channel and influencing a temperature of the reaction channel. The respective partial streams for the second reactant mix with the first reactant in the reaction channel to allow a chemical reaction of the first reactant and the second reactant.

A process includes periodically or continuously introducing an olefin monomer and periodically or continuously introducing a catalyst system or catalyst system components into a reaction mixture within a reaction system, oligomerizing the olefin monomer within the reaction mixture to form an oligomer product, and periodically or continuously discharging a reaction system effluent comprising the oligomer product from the reaction system. The reaction system includes a total reaction mixture volume and a heat exchanged portion of the reaction system comprising a heat exchanged reaction mixture volume and a total heat exchanged surface area providing indirect contact between the reaction mixture and a heat exchange medium. A ratio of the total heat exchanged surface area to the total reaction mixture volume within the reaction system is in a range from 0.75 in.sup.1 to 5 in.sup.1, and an oligomer product discharge rate from the reaction system is between 1.0 (lb)(hr.sup.1)(gal.sup.1) to 6.0 (lb)(hr.sup.1)(gal.sup.1).

A continuous chemical reactor may include a primary reaction unit and at least one secondary reaction unit. The primary reaction unit has a stirring device and a first temperature regulating device, and a feed inlet provided at an upper portion thereof. The secondary reaction unit is sleeved outside the primary reaction unit, and a reaction chamber is formed therebetween. By adding reaction materials to the primary reaction unit via the feed inlet and adjusting the temperature of the reaction materials by the first temperature regulating device, the reacted materials enter the reaction chamber, and the heat generated in the reaction chamber can be used to adjust the temperature of the materials in the primary reaction unit to more effectively use the heat, and the product after reaction can be discharged from a discharge hole at the lower end of the secondary reaction unit, thereby achieving continuous production.

Various embodiments include a reactor comprising: a longitudinally extending reaction channel providing a flow path for a first reactant; a feed channel providing a flow path for a second reactant; multiple passage openings spaced apart from one another providing fluidic connecting between the feed channel and the reaction channel via respective partial streams for the second reactant; and a medium channel surrounding the reaction channel to bring a medium for exchange of heat with contents of the reaction channel and influencing a temperature of the reaction channel. The respective partial streams for the second reactant mix with the first reactant in the reaction channel to allow a chemical reaction of the first reactant and the second reactant.

A catalytic membrane composite that includes porous supported catalyst particles durably enmeshed in a porous fibrillated polymer membrane is provided. The porous fibrillated polymer membrane may be manipulated to take the form of a tube, disc, or diced tape and used in multiphase reaction systems. The supported catalyst particles are composed of at least one finely divided metal catalyst dispersed on a porous support substrate. High catalytic activity is gained by the effective fine dispersion of the finely divided metal catalyst such that the metal catalyst covers the support substrate and/or is interspersed in the pores of the support substrate. In some embodiments, the catalytic membrane composite may be introduced to a stirred tank autoclave reactor system, a continuous flow reactor system, or a Parr Shaker reaction system and used to effect the catalytic reaction.

A heat exchanger having a housing, which defines a first volume (V1), and having at least one conduit, which defines a second volume (V2), wherein the housing has an inlet and an outlet and at least one first opening and at least one second opening located opposite the first opening relative to the housing, wherein the at least one conduit extends through the first volume (V1) and connects the at least one first opening of the housing and the at least one second opening of the housing, and is connected at the two ends of the conduit to the housing in a fluid-tight manner. In order to provide a heat exchanger which has an improved possibility for compensating for the differential thermal expansion of the housing and the conduits, the at least one conduit does not extend in a linear manner inside the first volume (V1), and the at least one conduit is monolithically connected in the region of the first opening of the conduit and/or the second opening of the conduit to the housing.

A process for the production of a hydrocarbon fluid includes the step of catalytically hydrogenating a hydrocarbon cut in presence of both a dearomatization catalyst and a dewaxing catalyst in a single slurry reactor. A hydrocarbon fluid is also disclosed as being obtainable by the process.

A reactor and process for the production of bio-diesel. The reactor includes one or more coiled reaction lines. The lines are positioned within a tank containing a heat transfer media such as molten salt, maintained at about 750? F. A pump circulates the media within the tank. An emulsion of alcohol; refined feed stock, including glycerides and/or fatty acids; and preferably water is pumped through the reaction lines at temperatures and pressures sufficient to maintain the alcohol in a super-critical state. The curvature of the coils, pump pulsing, and the flow rate of the emulsion keep the emulsion in a turbulent state while in the reactor, ensuring thorough mixing of the alcohol and feed stock. The alcohol reacts with the glycerides and fatty acids to form bio-diesel. The reaction is fast, efficient with regard to energy input and waste generation, and requires minimal alcohol.

A reactor and process for the production of bio-diesel. The reactor includes one or more coiled reaction lines. The lines are positioned within a tank containing a heat transfer media such as molten salt, maintained at about 750 F. A pump circulates the media within the tank. An emulsion of alcohol; refined feed stock, including glycerides and/or fatty acids; and preferably water is pumped through the reaction lines at temperatures and pressures sufficient to maintain the alcohol in a super-critical state. The curvature of the coils, pump pulsing, and the flow rate of the emulsion keep the emulsion in a turbulent state while in the reactor, ensuring thorough mixing of the alcohol and feed stock. The alcohol reacts with the glycerides and fatty acids to form bio-diesel. The reaction is fast, efficient with regard to energy input and waste generation, and requires minimal alcohol.