A process comprises introducing an olefin monomer and a catalyst system or catalyst system components into a reaction mixture within a reaction system. The reaction system comprises: a total reaction mixture volume, and a heat exchanged portion of the reaction system comprising a heat exchanged reaction mixture volume and a total heat exchanged surface area. The process also comprises oligomerizing the olefin monomer within the reaction mixture, determining one or more reaction system operating parameters during the oligomerizing, controlling the one or more reaction system operating parameters during the oligomerizing, maintaining a ratio of the total heat exchanged surface area to a total reaction mixture volume within the reaction system in a range from 0.75 in.sup.1 to 5 in.sup.1, maintaining an oligomer product discharge rate from the reaction system between 1.0 (lb)(hr.sup.1)(gal.sup.1) and 6.0 (lb)(hr.sup.1)(gal.sup.1), and discharging a reaction system effluent comprising the oligomer product from the reaction system.

Methods and systems for producing a pressurized ammonia-containing gas stream from aqueous urea. The method comprising pumping an aqueous urea-containing solution to a fluid-tight enclosure at a rate to match the external demand for ammonia-gas, wherein a fluid heat transfer medium is applied to the exterior of the fluid-tight enclosure to transfer heat to the aqueous urea-containing solution sufficient to hydrolyze the solution to an ammonia gaseous product. The systems comprise means for carrying out the methods.

The invention is directed to a chemical reactor (100) having (a) two or more gas reactor elements (12) with each gas reactor element (12) having (i) a first reaction chamber (38), and (ii) a feed assembly unit (36), (b) a second reaction chamber (20) coupled with each of the two or more gas reactor elements (12) and configured to independently receive two or more product streams from the two or more gas reactor elements (12); and optionally, (c) a gas converging section (40) located downstream to the second reaction chamber (20). The invention is further directed to a method of producing chemical products using the chemical reactor (100) of the present invention.

A feedstock reactor includes a reaction chamber for receiving a feedstock, a combustion chamber for receiving a combustible gas mixture, a passageway extending from the combustion chamber to the reaction chamber for allowing combustion products generated in the combustion chamber, by combustion of the combustible gas mixture, to flow into the reaction chamber, and a nozzle at an end of the passageway for allowing the combustion products flowing along the passageway to flow into the reaction chamber via the nozzle. The nozzle includes a nozzle wall along which the combustion products flow, and a heat-conducting portion positioned to transfer heat from the combustion products flowing through the nozzle away from the nozzle wall.

Disclosed is a jacketed, tiered baffle, bioreactor tank comprising an outer cylindrical-shaped jacket and a cylindrical tank having an inner tank surface defining a chamber configured for supporting a flexible bag disposed within the chamber, and an outer tank surface having tiered baffles configured for routing a heat exchange fluid around the entirety of the outer tank surface, the cylindrical tank disposed axially within the outer cylindrical-shaped jacket. The outer cylindrical-shaped jacket is sealed to the cylindrical tank in a manner sufficient to prevent or minimize loss of the heat exchange fluid.

A reactor and its internals used for the thermal processing of a mixture. The reactor comprises plates and at least part of the surface of said plates is used to perform said thermal processing. The reactor and its internals are used for the thermal processing of mixtures containing organic compounds. The processes, for thermal processing a mixture comprising organic compounds, comprising the steps of feeding the reactor and its internals and being useful for treating wastes oils and/or for destroying hazardous and/or toxic products; and/or for reusing waste products in an environmentally acceptable form and/or way, and/or for cleaning contaminated soils or beaches, and/or cleaning tar pits, and/or use in coal-oil co-processing, and/or recovering oil from oil spills, and/or PCB free transformed oils. A process for fabricating the reactor and its internals is also proposed.

This disclosure describes an improved heat transfer system for use in reaction vessels used in chemical and biological processes. In one embodiment, a heat transfer baffle comprising two sub-assemblies adjoined to one another is provided.

Chemical reactors with annularly positioned delivery and removal devices, and associated systems and methods. A reactor in accordance with a particular embodiment includes a reactor vessel having a light-transmissible surface proximate to a reaction zone, and a movable reactant delivery system positioned within the reactor vessel. The reactor can further include a product removal system positioned within the reactor vessel and positioned annularly inwardly or outwardly from the delivery system. A solar concentrator is positioned to direct solar radiation through the light-transmissible surface to the reaction zone.

Disclosed is a heat exchange module for use in a chemical, pharmaceutical or biological reactor system, the module configured to be disposed in the reactor system having a flexible single use container, and including at least one thermally conductive surface adapted to contact the flexible single use container to facilitate heat transfer, and a fluid circulation path through which a heat exchange fluid can be circulated.

A continuous acoustic chemical microreactor system is disclosed. The system includes a continuous process vessel (CPV) and an acoustic agitator coupled to the CPV and configured to agitate the CPV along an oscillation axis. The CPV includes a reactant inlet configured to receive one or more reactants into the CPV, an elongated tube coupled at a first end to the reactant inlet and configured to receive the reactants from the reactant inlet, and a product outlet coupled to a second end of the elongated tube and configured to discharge a product of a chemical reaction among the reactants from the CPV. The acoustic agitator is configured to agitate the CPV along the oscillation axis such that the inner surface of the elongated tube accelerates the one or more reactants in alternating upward and downward directions along the oscillation axis.