An electric chemical discharge reactor and associated systems include various physical arrangements of components that improve mounting configurations and densities, increase separation between electrical and coolant components, and/or shorten high frequency leads. In some cases a discharge reactor includes a power converter, a transformer, and a discharge reaction cell. An arrangement of the electrical components with respect to the reaction cell reduces the likelihood of liquid coolants reaching the electrical components. Components can be mounted to a common frame allowing for easy mounting and removal of the components at the same time. Fluid connection lines can include identically angled ends to further facilitate mounting and removal of the reactor.

This disclosure relates to a processing that includes a first shell and a second shell disposed within the first shell. The second shell includes a first end, a second end, and a wall extending between the first end and the second end. The second shell also defines a cavity and a longitudinal axis extending between the first end and the second end. A cross section of the second shell transverse to the longitudinal axis includes a first arcuate inner wall portion having a first radius of curvature and a second arcuate inner wall portion having a second radius of curvature. The first radius of curvature is larger than the second radius of curvature.

A method uses mild fluorinating agents, such as hydrofluorocarbons—HCFs, perfluorocarbons—PFCs, hydrochlorofluorocarbons HCFCs and chlorofluorocarbons—CFCs, to fine-tune the fluorination process in battery material preparation in order to obtain uniform nanometer-sized surface fluoride coated battery materials. The use of a vertical flow-type tube reactor permits a fine-tuning of the fluorination process by accurately regulating the active gas or mixture of gases flow over battery materials using mass-flow regulators, and precisely setting the temperature with vertical rube furnace. Additionally, these fluorinating agents have slightly different reactivity, decomposing and reacting with battery materials at different temperatures, and therefore, offering additional parameter of fluorination fine-tuning. The method is scalable and can be easily adapted as an industrial solution. Moreover, all these gases are non-toxic, non-corrosive and non-flammable gases at room temperatures, hence, they are more convenient to handle than highly-toxic and highly-corrosive HF and F.sub.2 gases.

A reactor is disclosed herein. In some embodiments, a reactor comprises a reactor tank having an accommodation space therein for performing a polymerization reaction of a reactive fluid, an outer refrigerant jacket positioned outside the reactor tank and having a refrigerant flowing therethrough, and an inner refrigerant jacket inside the reactor tank and having a refrigerant flowing therethrough. The refrigerants of the outer refrigerant jacket and the inner refrigerant jacket may flow in opposite directions to each other.

A honeycomb substrate holder for holding a honeycomb substrate, the honeycomb substrate holder comprising: an elastically deformable cylindrical inner circumferential wall; a cylindrical outer circumferential wall located outside the cylindrical inner circumferential wall with a cylindrical gap from the cylindrical inner circumferential wall; and two end faces sealing the cylindrical gap together with the cylindrical inner circumferential wall and the cylindrical outer circumferential wall, A honeycomb substrate can be inserted on the axial side of the cylindrical inner circumferential wall. Fluid can be circulated or held in the cylindrical gap. The cylindrical inner circumferential wall can be elastically deformed and pressed against an outer circumferential surface of the honeycomb substrate by pressurizing the fluid in the cylindrical gap.

The invention relates to a reactor 1 for supercritical hydrothermal gasification of aqueous multicomponent mixtures in the absence of oxygen. It is also an object of the invention to provide a system for operating the reactor 1, a method for operating the reactor 1, and the use of the reactor 1. The reactor 1 according to the invention is compatible with many existing systems, is compact, can be provided on a turnkey basis, and can be manufactured and operated at low cost. The reactor 1 according to the invention thus enables, for the first time, a diverse commercial use of hydrothermal gasification of biomass, sewage sludge and other organic wastes in supercritical water.

A method of assembling and/or operating apparatus for undertaking a chemical reaction. The apparatus includes a housing in which a precursor of a receptacle is arranged. A fluid (F1) may be introduced into said precursor to cause the precursor to inflate.

A reactor and process for the production of bio-diesel. The reactor includes one or more coiled reaction lines. The lines are positioned within a tank containing a heat transfer media such as molten salt, maintained at about 750° F. A pump circulates the media within the tank. An emulsion of alcohol; refined feed stock, including glycerides and/or fatty acids; and preferably water is pumped through the reaction lines at temperatures and pressures sufficient to maintain the alcohol in a super-critical state. The curvature of the coils, pump pulsing, and the flow rate of the emulsion keep the emulsion in a turbulent state while in the reactor, ensuring thorough mixing of the alcohol and feed stock. The alcohol reacts with the glycerides and fatty acids to form bio-diesel. The reaction is fast, efficient with regard to energy input and waste generation, and requires minimal alcohol.

An apparatus for carrying out chemical reactions is provided. The apparatus comprises a first reactor/reaction zone for carrying out a first chemical reaction and a second reactor/reaction zone for carrying out a second chemical reaction. Each reactor/reaction zone comprises: a) an inner surface and an outer surface which are spaced apart from each other to define a reaction volume configured such that, in use, a respective chemical reaction takes place in the reaction volume, and wherein the inner surface and outer surface are configured for relative rotation with respect to each other, (b) an inlet for introduction of a reagent to the reaction volume, and (b) an outlet through which a reaction product can leave the reaction volume. The reaction products of the first reactor/reaction zone comprise reagents of the second reactor/reaction zone.

This disclosure describes an improved heat transfer system for use in reaction vessels used in chemical and biological processes. In one embodiment, a heat transfer baffle comprising two sub-assemblies adjoined to one another is provided.