This disclosure relates to a processing that includes a first shell and a second shell disposed within the first shell. The second shell includes a first end, a second end, and a wall extending between the first end and the second end. The second shell also defines a cavity and a longitudinal axis extending between the first end and the second end. A cross section of the second shell transverse to the longitudinal axis includes a first arcuate inner wall portion having a first radius of curvature and a second arcuate inner wall portion having a second radius of curvature. The first radius of curvature is larger than the second radius of curvature.

The present invention relates to the technical field of polylactic acid preparation, and discloses polylactic acid polymerization reaction apparatus and system. The polylactic acid polymerization reaction apparatus comprises a polymerization reactor and an agitating assembly arranged in a flow channel of the polymerization reactor, wherein the agitating assembly comprises an electromagnetic winding mechanism and a magnetic induction element, the electromagnetic winding mechanism is arranged along the inner wall of the polymerization reactor around the magnetic induction element, with clearance formed between the electromagnetic winding mechanism and the magnetic induction element, so that the magnetic induction element and the electromagnetic winding mechanism can induce electromagnetic induction, and thereby the magnetic induction element can rotate around its own axis; a threaded groove is formed on the magnetic induction element. The polylactic acid polymerization reaction apparatus provided by the present invention can improve the polymerization effect and thereby improve the product conversion ratio.

A process heat exchange rod for cooling or heating liquids in a process vessel. The rod may have a linear form and extend downward through an upper wall of the process vessel into proximity with the lower floor. The rod internally defines a circulatory flow path for the heat exchange medium, including an outer jacket and a flow diverter having a central through bore and external helical flutes. Heat exchange medium travels down through the central through bore and then back up through helical grooves formed between the flow diverter and the outer jacket, or vice versa. Accurate heating or cooling of the process fluid is attained by modification of the configuration of the heat exchange rod as well as the flow rate and temperature of the heat exchange medium. The components may be injection molded of a polymer, often transparent, having a high heat transfer coefficient.

The present relates to the field of iron-doped TiO.sub.2 nanocrystals/photocatalysts and to a method of their production. The method comprising the steps: a) dissolving a compound comprising Fe (III); b) mixing an alcohol to the ferric solution to obtain a mixture; c) adjusting the pH of the mixture by adding a suitable acid to the mixture to obtain an acidic composition; d) producing a gelation reaction by mixing a titanium (IV) complex to the acidic composition, to obtain a dispersion comprising Fe-doped TiO.sub.2, e) drying the dispersion, to obtain a dried product substantially free of iron oxide contamination; f) grinding the dried product, to obtain a powder; g) washing the powder with an aqueous liquid, to obtain a washed powder comprising a Fe-doped TiO.sub.2 photocatalyst precursor; and h) drying the washed powder, to obtain the Fe-doped TiO.sub.2 photocatalyst precursor. The method further comprising calcining and grinding steps.

The invention discloses a synthesis method and device for rapidly producing lactide at high yield. The method comprises: adding a single component of lactic acid or two components of lactic acid and catalyst, passing the mixture through a mixer to enter an oligomer preparation system, increasing a residence time through bottom circulation, synthesizing oligomeric lactic acid, and passing a gas-phase component through a rectification system. With the adoption of the device, the lactide is capable of being efficiently synthesized, crude lactide with a yield of 94% to 98% is capable of being obtained.

A method for producing biomass derived liquid, comprises: feeding biomass, a solvent and a catalyst into a batch reactor, and heating and mixing in the batch reactor a compound comprising the biomass, solvent, and catalyst. The solvent is glycerol and wherein feeding the solvent into the batch reactor is performed through electrostatic atomization.

A reactor and process for the production of bio-diesel. The reactor includes one or more coiled reaction lines. The lines are positioned within a tank containing a heat transfer media such as molten salt, maintained at about 750° F. A pump circulates the media within the tank. An emulsion of alcohol; refined feed stock, including glycerides and/or fatty acids; and preferably water is pumped through the reaction lines at temperatures and pressures sufficient to maintain the alcohol in a super-critical state. The curvature of the coils, pump pulsing, and the flow rate of the emulsion keep the emulsion in a turbulent state while in the reactor, ensuring thorough mixing of the alcohol and feed stock. The alcohol reacts with the glycerides and fatty acids to form bio-diesel. The reaction is fast, efficient with regard to energy input and waste generation, and requires minimal alcohol.

A continuous acoustic chemical microreactor system is disclosed. The system includes a continuous process vessel (CPV) and an acoustic agitator coupled to the CPV and configured to agitate the CPV along an oscillation axis. The CPV includes a reactant inlet configured to receive one or more reactants into the CPV, an elongated tube coupled at a first end to the reactant inlet and configured to receive the reactants from the reactant inlet, and a product outlet coupled to a second end of the elongated tube and configured to discharge a product of a chemical reaction among the reactants from the CPV. The acoustic agitator is configured to agitate the CPV along the oscillation axis such that the inner surface of the elongated tube accelerates the one or more reactants in alternating upward and downward directions along the oscillation axis.

A reactor and process for the production of bio-diesel. The reactor includes one or more coiled reaction lines. The lines are positioned within a tank containing a heat transfer media such as molten salt, maintained at about 750 F. A pump circulates the media within the tank. An emulsion of alcohol; refined feed stock, including glycerides and/or fatty acids; and preferably water is pumped through the reaction lines at temperatures and pressures sufficient to maintain the alcohol in a super-critical state. The curvature of the coils, pump pulsing, and the flow rate of the emulsion keep the emulsion in a turbulent state while in the reactor, ensuring thorough mixing of the alcohol and feed stock. The alcohol reacts with the glycerides and fatty acids to form bio-diesel. The reaction is fast, efficient with regard to energy input and waste generation, and requires minimal alcohol.

A reactor and process for the production of bio-diesel. The reactor includes one or more coiled reaction lines. The lines are positioned within a tank containing a heat transfer media such as molten salt, maintained at about 750 F. A pump circulates the media within the tank. An emulsion of alcohol; refined feed stock, including glycerides and/or fatty acids; and preferably water is pumped through the reaction lines at temperatures and pressures sufficient to maintain the alcohol in a super-critical state. The curvature of the coils, pump pulsing, and the flow rate of the emulsion keep the emulsion in a turbulent state while in the reactor, ensuring thorough mixing of the alcohol and feed stock. The alcohol reacts with the glycerides and fatty acids to form bio-diesel. The reaction is fast, efficient with regard to energy input and waste generation, and requires minimal alcohol.