A system for recovery of heat from a cracked gas product includes a heat exchanger with one or more coiled tube bundles including a mandrel, tubes wound in concentric layers around the mandrel, and tube sheets. The tubes and tube sheets define one or more tube circuits. A cracked gas product is provided to the heat exchanger and flows on a shell side of the exchanger around an outside of the tubes without a substantial change in direction of the cracked gas product. A feed stream and one or more process streams flow inside the tubes, and more specifically, through separate tube circuits. The feed stream and process streams are heated by indirect heat transfer against the cracked gas product, which enables simultaneous heating of separate fluid streams without a convection section. Related methods for heat recovery are also disclosed.

Installation and method for producing fatty acid esters usable as fuel for which the installation includes a tank (10) containing oils and/or fats to be treated, a tank (11) containing light alcohol, pumps (3) and (4) feeding the materials to a tubular reaction vessel (30) having a winding configuration provided with a heater for internally maintaining a supercritical temperature with respect to the alcohol used and a pressure provided by the pumps, suitable for producing esterification and transesterification reactions, without the presence of catalysts of the oils and/or fats and alcohol, a heat exchanger (8) for heating the affluents and cooling the reaction effluents and a reaction effluent depressurization tank (21). The installation further has a stirrer (22, 23, 28) for stirring the reaction product at the reaction temperature and pressure in one or more segments of the tubular vessel (30) covering a sector of the reactor before its end area for exit towards the depressurization tank (21).

The invention includes apparatus and methods for instantiating chemical reactants, including elemental metals such as calcium in a nanoporous carbon powder, and forming products therefrom, such as calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide.

Fuel converters configured to convert a transportation fuel to a low-C hydrocarbon fuel, along with methods of their use, are provided. The fuel converter can comprise: an evaporator configured to receive a transportation fuel from a fuel tank in a liquid state, wherein the evaporator converts the transportation fuel from a liquid to a gas; a fuel burner configured to heat the evaporator; a catalyst cartridge in fluid communication with the evaporator so as to receive the gas from the evaporator; and a condenser in fluid communication with the catalyst cartridge so as to receive the reaction product mixture from the catalyst cartridge. The catalyst cartridge comprises a catalyst configured to convert the transportation fuel into a reaction product mixture comprising a low-C hydrocarbon fuel. The condenser is configured to separate the low-C hydrocarbon fuel from a condensed fuel in the reaction product mixture.

An apparatus comprising: a vessel component comprising a flow-through interior chamber having an interior sidewall and an exterior sidewall; at least two inlets for introducing chemical components into the flow-through interior chamber; at least one outlet for removing product from the flow-through interior chamber; and an off center rotation component which is operatively connected to the vessel component. During operation of the apparatus, the off center rotation component generates vortical movement of at least two chemical components through the flow-through interior chamber of the vessel, and converts at least a portion of the at least two chemical components to at least one reaction product or product mixture. A method of using the apparatus to produce reaction products or product mixtures. The apparatus and method are useful for producing specialty chemicals such as fragrance and flavor compounds, insect pheromones, petrochemicals, pharmaceutical compounds, agrichemical compounds, and the like.

The present invention discloses a hydrogen sulfide reactor vessel with an external heating system that is conductively and removably attached to an exterior portion of the reactor vessel. Also disclosed are processes for producing hydrogen sulfide utilizing the reactor vessel.

An ionic liquid reactor unit and a process for controlling heat generation from an ionic liquid reactor unit. The ionic liquid reactor unit may include an external heat exchanger. The effluent from the reactor is separated in a separation zone allowing the hydrocarbon phase to transfer heat to a cooling fluid. The heat exchanger may be a tube-in-shell, a spiral plate heat exchanger, a hair pin heat exchanger. The heat exchanger accommodates the separation of the ionic liquid from the hydrocarbon phase, and may allow for the ion liquid to be drained.

A system for hydrothermal reaction comprises a heater (3) including a circulating component for fluid flowing across and a heat source for heating fluid, and a reactor (4, 5) including a heat preserving container in communication with the circulating component via pipes. A method for hydrothermal reaction comprises heating the fluid including the reactant and water for hydrothermal reaction, and feeding the heated fluid to the heat preserving container to perform the hydrothermal reaction.

A slurry polymerization process comprising polymerizing monomers in a reactor comprising baffles, a first slurry feed line for returning cooled slurry from a cooler and optionally a second slurry feed line for transferring reactor slurry from a previous reactor of a cascade of polymerization reactors, wherein the baffle top, the first slurry feed line discharge end and the second slurry feed line end are located below the reactor liquid level.

An apparatus of the present invention for producing aligned carbon nanotube aggregates is an apparatus for producing aligned carbon nanotube aggregates, the apparatus being configured to grow the aligned carbon nanotube aggregate by: causing a catalyst formed on a surface of a substrate to be surrounded by a reducing gas environment constituted by a reducing gas; heating at least either the catalyst or the reducing gas; causing the catalyst to be surrounded by a raw material gas environment constituted by a raw material gas; and heating at least either the catalyst or the raw material gas, at least either an apparatus component exposed to the reducing gas or an apparatus component exposed to the raw material gas being made from a heat-resistant alloy, and having a surface plated with molten aluminum.