This disclosure relates to weldments useful as heat transfer tubes in refinery processes dealing with gas phase hydrocarbon process streams at high temperatures. This disclosure also relates to tubes that are useful in refinery processes dealing with gas phase hydrocarbon process streams at high temperatures. The weldments include a tubular member and at least one mixing element. The tubular member comprises an aluminum-containing alloy. The mixing element comprises an aluminum-containing alloy. The mixing element's aluminum-containing alloy can be the same as or different from the tubular member's aluminum-containing alloy. Other aspects of the disclosure relate to refinery processes dealing with gas phase hydrocarbon process streams at high temperatures which include such weldments.

A reactor and process for the production of bio-diesel. The reactor includes one or more coiled reaction lines. The lines are positioned within a tank containing a heat transfer media such as molten salt, maintained at about 750? F. A pump circulates the media within the tank. An emulsion of alcohol; refined feed stock, including glycerides and/or fatty acids; and preferably water is pumped through the reaction lines at temperatures and pressures sufficient to maintain the alcohol in a super-critical state. The curvature of the coils, pump pulsing, and the flow rate of the emulsion keep the emulsion in a turbulent state while in the reactor, ensuring thorough mixing of the alcohol and feed stock. The alcohol reacts with the glycerides and fatty acids to form bio-diesel. The reaction is fast, efficient with regard to energy input and waste generation, and requires minimal alcohol.

The present invention relates to a process for the continuous preparation of core-shell nanoparticles, comprising a core of a core material, preferably of a semiconductor material, and a shell of a shell material, preferably of a semiconductor material, wherein selected starting materials for the shell material are mixed with a dispersion of nanoparticles of the core material and are passed continuously through a reaction zone of a tubular reactor, and other starting materials for the shell material are fed to the reaction zone of the tubular reactor at two or more locations, preferably via a tubular membrane, and the starting materials for the shell material react in the reaction zone to form a shell around the nanoparticles of the core material. The invention also relates to the tubular reactor with the membrane and its use for the continuous synthesis of core-shell nanoparticles. The invention also relates to core-shell nanoparticles comprising a core of a core material, preferably of a first semiconductor material, and an outer shell of a shell material, characterized in that, between core and shell, there is only a layer of a transition zone, in which the proportion of the core material gradually decreases toward the shell, while the proportion of the shell material gradually increases.

The invention provides a method for producing a peroxymonosulfuric acid solution with high stability, including the steps of mixing 35 mass % or more of hydrogen peroxide and 70 mass % or more of sulfuric acid to react them, cooling the reaction solution to 80 C. or lower within five minutes after initiation of the mixing step, and diluting the reaction solution with water four times or more as much as the reaction solution by mass.

The present invention is related to a two-step carboxylation reaction of an aryl group using continuous flow reaction conditions. This process permits large scale synthesis of useful reaction products in high yield.

The invention generally relates to systems and methods for increasing reaction yield. In certain embodiments, the invention provides systems for increasing a yield of a chemical reaction that include a pneumatic sprayer configured to generate a liquid spray discharge from a solvent. The solvent includes a plurality of molecules, a portion of which react with each other within the liquid spray discharge to form a reaction product. The system also includes a collector positioned to receive the liquid spray discharge including the unreacted molecules and the reaction product. The system also includes a recirculation loop connected from the collector to the pneumatic sprayer in order to allow the unreacted molecules and the reaction product to be recycled through the pneumatic sprayer, thereby allowing a plurality of the unreacted molecules to react with each other as the unreacted molecules cycle again through the system.

A system and method including providing a feed having alkyl-bridged multi-aromatic compounds to a tubular reactor, heating the tubular reactor, and cleaving an alkyl bridge of the alkyl-bridged multi-aromatic compounds.

Fuel converters configured to convert a transportation fuel to a low-C hydrocarbon fuel, along with methods of their use, are provided. The fuel converter can comprise: an evaporator configured to receive a transportation fuel from a fuel tank in a liquid state, wherein the evaporator converts the transportation fuel from a liquid to a gas; a fuel burner configured to heat the evaporator; a catalyst cartridge in fluid communication with the evaporator so as to receive the gas from the evaporator; and a condenser in fluid communication with the catalyst cartridge so as to receive the reaction product mixture from the catalyst cartridge. The catalyst cartridge comprises a catalyst configured to convert the transportation fuel into a reaction product mixture comprising a low-C hydrocarbon fuel. The condenser is configured to separate the low-C hydrocarbon fuel from a condensed fuel in the reaction product mixture.

An apparatus includes an inlet, an outlet, and a sheet disposed proximate a heat transfer surface, wherein the sheet is oriented in a sheet plane that is displaced from a plane of the heat transfer surface by an angle of at least 10 degrees. The apparatus also includes a plurality of tabs attached to the sheet, the tabs lying in respective tab planes, wherein the tab planes and the sheet plane intersect forming respective intersections. The intersections of the tab planes and the sheet plane are substantially parallel. The intersections of the tab planes and the sheet plane are at an angle of less than 88 to the heat transfer surface, and the plurality of tabs collectively form channels directing a fluid passing from the inlet to the outlet to impinge the heat transfer surface.

The present disclosure relates to a continuous flow process for preparing conducting polymers, for example polyaniline. The continuous flow process can provide a controlled synthesis of a conducting polymer from an emulsion comprising a polymerizable organic monomer and a free radical initiator in flow within a temperature controlled continuous flow reactor comprising at least one mixing element. The present disclosure also relates to the conducting polymers prepared by the continuous flow process.