A method of forming a ceramic-metal composite part is described herein. The method includes maintaining molten metal in an interior of a housing in a liquefied state, the interior including a first chamber, a second chamber, and a port defined therebetween. The method further includes sealing the port such that the molten metal in the first chamber is maintained at a first liquid level, suspending a part at a height within the first chamber above the first liquid level, forming a pressure differential between the first chamber and the second chamber, unsealing the port such that molten metal from the second chamber flows into the first chamber, and resealing the port when the molten metal in the first chamber reaches a second liquid level such that the ceramic part is submerged in the molten metal.

A method of controlling particle additions to a fluidized bed reactor includes measuring pressure fluctuations inside the fluidized bed reactor over a selected time period, determining a pressure parameter indicative of amplitudes of the pressure fluctuations, comparing the pressure parameter to a specified threshold, and controlling particle additions to the fluidized bed reactor when the pressure parameter deviates from the specified threshold.

The invention relates to a method for operating a production plant for producing a chemical product (1) by reacting a H-functional reactant (2) with phosgene (3) during an interruption in production when taking at least one plant part of the production plant out of operation, wherein low-oxygen and oxygen-rich phosgene-containing exhaust gas flows are directed separately from one another in different phosgene decomposition directions and separately from one another—at spatially different points—into a combustion device, wherein plant parts that have not been taken out of operation are operated in a closed-circuit operating mode. The invention also relates to a production plant for producing a chemical product by reacting H-functional reactants with phosgene, which is suitable for being operated with the method according to the invention.

An objective of the present invention is to provide methods of producing a cyclic organic compound using a continuous stirred tank reactor(s) (CSTR), the methods being capable of achieving excellent impurity-suppressing effects (quality improvement), reduction in reaction-tank size, continuous production, and such. The present inventors conducted studies on cyclization reactions using a CSTR(s), which had not been conventionally used for cyclization reactions for cyclic compounds. As a result, the inventors have found that the present methods can achieve excellent impurity-suppressing effects (quality improvement), reduction in reaction-tank size, continuous production, and such, as compared with conventional cyclization methods. Furthermore, the present inventors have also found that the above-mentioned improvement effects can efficiently be achieved even in the production of cyclic peptides and heterocyclic compounds by applying simulation methods that had been conventionally used mainly at the fine chemicals plant level to the cyclization reactions of the present invention, thereby experimentally predicting the reaction rate of a cyclization reaction, and setting the flow volume (residence time), the concentrations of precursor and cyclic organic compound, and the temperature for the cyclization reaction and such which affect these conditions, in the cyclization reaction using a CSTR(s).

A device for generating hydrogen gas having two or more storages, each storage storing a reactant or mix of reactants, and each storage coupled to a means of injecting the stored reactant or mix of reactants into a reaction chamber in a controlled manner and at an optimum rate, so that a chemical reaction occurs in the reaction chamber that produces hydrogen gas efficiently.

A device for carrying out a chemical reaction by a continuous method has a reactor with at least two reactor sections which define a direction of flow. The reactor has plug flow properties along the direction of flow. A recirculation line is present to withdraw a partial flow from the reactor at a first point and return it to the reactor at a second point located above the first point in the direction of flow. Means are provided which prevent a temperature increase in the reactor over a predetermined temperature range, for example change of more than approximately 50 K.

A biomass torrefaction system includes a reactor vessel for biomass particles, a burner for combusting one or more fuels to produce a heated gas, a fan for supplying a flow of the heated gas through the reactor vessel to heat the biomass particles, and a controller configured to calculate a torrefaction index according to one or more sensed parameters of the system. The sensed parameter(s) include at least one of a reactor vessel retention time, a reactor vessel temperature difference and a higher heating value (HHV) of a syngas output by the reactor vessel. The controller is also configured to automatically adjust one or more operation values of the system according to the calculated torrefaction index. The operation value(s) include at least one of the reactor vessel retention time, a heating rate of the system, and a mixture of the one or more fuels combusted by the burner.

Techniques regarding the synthesis of polyesters and/or polycarbonates through one or more ring-opening polymerizations conducted within a flow reactor and facilitated by a urea anion catalyst and/or a thiourea catalyst are provided. For example, one or more embodiments can comprise a method, which can comprise polymerizing, via a ring-opening polymerization within a flow reactor, a cyclic monomer in the presence an organocatalyst comprising a urea anion.

A multi-tubular chemical reactor includes an igniter for the initiation of gas phase exothermic reaction within the gas phase reaction zones of the tubular reactor units.

A waterless decarboxylation device used to decarboxylate cannabis is described. For example, the device could include a product container to contain an amount of raw cannabis plant material, a heating container configured to surround and contact the product container, a heater in contact with the heating container, a foam layer surrounding the product container and heating container, at least one sensor configured to detect the temperature of the heating container, a lid that encloses the product container and fluidly seals it from the environment, and a controller configured to control power to the heater in response to signals sent from the at least one sensor indicating whether the heating container has reached a threshold temperature.