Disclosed herein are formulations, substrates, and arrays for the synthesis of PNA chains and PNA-DNA chimera on microarrays. In some embodiments, the formulations include a photo-protective compound that shields any PNA monomers, PNA polymers, or PNA-DNA chimera already attached to a microarray from radiation exposure during the synthesis of the PNA or PNA-DNA chains. In some embodiments, substrates and arrays comprise a porous or a planar layer for synthesis and attachment of PNA or DNA monomers, or PNA or PNA-DNA polymers. In some embodiments, disclosed herein are formulations and methods for high efficiency coupling of PNA monomers or PNA polymers to a microarray substrate.

This disclosure provides methods and devices for the label-free detection of target molecules of interest. The principles of the disclosure are particularly applicable to the detection of biological molecules (e.g., DNA, RNA, and protein) using standard SiO2-based microarray technology.

This disclosure provides methods and devices for the label-free detection of target molecules of interest. The principles of the disclosure are particularly applicable to the detection of biological molecules (e.g., DNA, RNA, and protein) using standard SiO.sub.2-based microarray technology.

An article such as a biosensor having a nonfouling surface thereon is described. The article comprises: (a) a substrate having a surface portion; (b) a linking layer on the surface portion; (c) a polymer layer comprising brush molecules formed on the linking layer; and (d) optionally but preferably, a first member of a specific binding pair (e.g., a protein, peptide, antibody, nucleic acid, etc.) coupled to the brush molecules. The polymer layer is preferably formed by the process of surface-initiated polymerization (SIP) of monomeric units thereon. Preferably, each of the monomeric units comprises a monomer (for example, a vinyl monomer) core group having at least one protein-resistant head group coupled thereto, to thereby form the brush molecule on the surface portion. Methods of using the articles are also described.

Compositions, devices, methods and systems are provided for differential functionalization of a surface of a structure to support biopolymer synthesis. Provided herein are processes which include use of lamps, lasers, and/or microcontact printing to add functional groups to surfaces for the efficient and uniform synthesis of oligonucleic acids.

Compositions, devices, methods and systems are provided for differential functionalization of a surface of a structure to support biopolymer synthesis. Provided herein are processes which include use of lamps, lasers, and/or microcontact printing to add functional groups to surfaces for the efficient and uniform synthesis of oligonucleic acids.

There is disclosed a process for in vitro synthesis and assembly of long, gene-length polynucleotides based upon assembly of multiple shorter oligonucleotides synthesized in situ on a microarray platform. Specifically, there is disclosed a process for in situ synthesis of oligonucleotide fragments on a solid phase microarray platform and subsequent, on device assembly of larger polynucleotides composed of a plurality of shorter oligonucleotide fragments.

Described herein are in situ synthesized arrays and methods of making them, wherein array signal sensitivity and robustness is enhanced by carrying out conditioning steps and/or generating linkers during synthesis. An array comprises a surface with a collection of features, wherein the features comprise molecules or polymers attached to the surface. In certain embodiments of the invention, carrying out conditioning steps during array synthesis can yield arrays with improved signal. In other embodiments, linkers are synthesized on the array surface prior to synthesis of functional molecules, wherein increasing linker length can correspond to an improvement in the signal generated by the array.

The disclosure relates to methods and systems for ultrahigh throughput protein synthesis and analysis.

The present disclosure provides methods and processes for forming a pattern of oligonucleotides on a microarray. A method for forming a pattern of oligonucleotides on a microarray may include forming a photoresist layer by applying a photoresist composition onto an underlying layer of a substrate, exposing a dose of light through a patterned mask onto the substrate, and removing protective groups on a section of the plurality of functional groups within at least one exposed region of the substrate, wherein the photoresist composition comprises a photoacid generator, an acid scavenger and a photosensitizer, wherein the underlying layer comprises a plurality of functional groups protected by protective groups; thereby forming a pattern on the substrate, wherein the pattern comprises the at least one exposed region, and wherein the at least one exposed region is no more than 1 micrometer in at least one dimension.