Some embodiments described herein relate to a substrate with a surface comprising a silane or a silane derivative covalently attached to optionally substituted cycloalkene or optionally substituted heterocycloalkene for direct conjugation with a functionalized molecule of interest, such as a polymer, a hydrogel, an amino acid, a nucleoside, a nucleotide, a peptide, a polynucleotide, or a protein. In some embodiments, the silane or silane derivative contains optionally substituted norbornene or norbornene derivatives. Method for preparing a functionalized surface and the use in DNA sequencing and other diagnostic applications are also disclosed.

An example of a flow cell includes a substrate; a first primer set attached to a first region on the substrate, the first primer set including an un-cleavable first primer and a cleavable second primer; and a second primer set attached to a second region on the substrate, the second primer set including a cleavable first primer and an un-cleavable second primer.

Method for immobilization of a labeled oligonucleotide on a non-modified polymer substrate, the method comprising the following steps: a) providing a mixture comprising liquid, and a labeled oligonucleotide b) applying the mixture of step a) on a non-modified polymer substrate, wherein the oligonucleotide is immobilized on the non-modified polymer substrate via physisorption conveyed by the label of the oligonucleotide and wherein the label for immobilization is covalently bound to the oligonucleotide; and microarrays achieved by this method. The invention further relates to the use of a label attached to an oligonucleotide for immobilization of the labeled oligonucleotide on a non-modified polymer substrate by physisorption. Furthermore the invention relates to the use of the microarrays achieved by the method describe herein for assays and diagnostic kits comprising such microarrays.

Fiducial markers are provided on patterned arrays of the type that may be used for molecular analysis, such as sequencing. The fiducial markers may have configurations that enhance their detection in image or detection data, that facilitate or improve processing, that provide encoding of useful information, and so forth. Examples of the fiducial markers may include features and materials that are provided on or in the support of a patterned array and that return at least a portion of incident light by reflection. The fiducial markers may form gratings or other encoding configurations that assist in image processing, alignment, or other aspects of processing of the patterned array.

Provided are an isolated oligonucleotide and a use thereof in nucleic acid sequencing, wherein the isolated oligonucleotide comprises a first strand, wherein the 5′-end nucleotide of the first strand has a phosphate group, and the 3′-end nucleotide of the first strand is a dideoxynucleotide, and a second strand, wherein the 5′-end nucleotide of the second strand does not have a phosphate group, and the 3′-end nucleotide of the second strand is a dideoxynucleotide, wherein the first strand is longer than the second strand in length, and a double-stranded structure is formed between the first strand and the second strand.

A microarray analysis method, in which a microarray obtained by arranging probes on a substrate surface having an irregular shape is irradiated with excitation light and fluorescence amounts of the probes excited by the excitation light are obtained as numerical data, includes a step (a) of measuring the fluorescence amounts of the probes to acquire fluorescence image data, a step (b) of receiving reflected light and/or scattered light from the substrate surface to acquire the irregular shape of the substrate surface of the microarray as alignment image data based on the light receiving intensities of the light, and a step (c) of determining positions of the probes on the fluorescence image data based on the alignment image data.

An apparatus (100) including multiple biological chips (110,120) includes a substrate (101), a first adhesive layer (134) disposed on the substrate (101), a first biological chip (110) and a second biological chip (120) disposed on the first adhesive layer (134) and attached to the substrate (101) by the adhesive layer (134). The apparatus (100) further includes a filler (130) disposed between the first biological chip (110) and the second biological chip (120). The filler (130) includes a second adhesive layer (135) extending between a side surface (114) of the first biological chip (110) and a side surface (124) of the second biological chip (120), the second adhesive layer (135) attaching the first biological chip (110) to the second biological chip (120). The filler (130) also includes a surface layer (132) disposed over the second adhesive layer (135). The surface layer (132) has a hydrophobic surface that is co-planar with a top surface (111) of the first biological chip (110) and a top surface (121) of the second biological chip (120).

Provided are a chip matrix, a sequencing chip, and a manufacturing method thereof. The chip matrix includes: a wafer layer (111), the wafer layer (111) having cutting lines that are evenly distributed thereon; a first silicon oxide layer (112), the first silicon oxide layer (112) being made of silicon oxide and formed on an upper surface of the wafer layer (111); a transition metal oxide layer (113), the transition metal oxide layer (113) being made of transition metal oxide and formed on an upper surface of the first silicon oxide layer (112). The chip matrix has characteristics such as resistances against high temperature, high humidity and other harsh environments. Meanwhile, by changing pH, surfactant and other components of a solution containing sequences to be sequenced, a surface functional region of the chip matrix can specifically adsorb a sequence to be sequenced.

High surface area coatings are applied to solid substrates to increase the surface area available for solid-phase synthesis of polymers. The high surface area coatings use three-dimensional space to provide more area for functional groups to bind polymers than an untreated solid substrate. The polymers may be oligonucleotides, polypeptides, or another type of polymer. The solid substrate is a rigid supportive layer made from a material such as glass, a silicon material, a metal material, and plastic. The coating may be thin films, hydrogels, microparticles. The coating may be made from a metal oxide, a high-κ dielectric, a low-κ dielectric, an etched metal, a carbon material, or an organic polymer. The functional groups may be hydroxyl groups, amine groups, thiolate groups, alkenes, n-alkenes, alkalines, N-Hydroxysuccinimide (NHS)-activated esters, polyaniline, aminosilane groups, silanized oxides, oligothiophenes, and diazonium compounds. Techniques for applying coatings to solid substrates and attaching functional groups are also disclosed.

Nucleic acid memory strands encoding digital data using a sequence of a homopolymer tracts of repeated nucleotides provides a cheaper and faster alternative to conventional digital DNA storage techniques. The use of homopolymer tracts allows for lower fidelity, high throughput sequencing techniques such as nanopore sequencing to read data encoded in the memory strands. Specialized synthesis techniques allow for synthesis of long memory strands capable of encoding large volumes of data despite the reduced data density afforded by homopolymer tracts as compared to conventional single nucleotide sequences.