An array chip useful for biochemical assays is provided wherein the chip includes a field region arranged with attachment sites according to a first pitch and at least one track region having a one-dimensional spot pattern arranged according to a second pitch that is less dense and is a non-integer multiple of the first pitch so that one-dimensional Moir averaging may be applied in the track region, thereby to attain alignment of the chip to the optical instrumentation with a higher density of attachment sites.

An article of manufacture having a plurality of sites in domains of regular patterns. Neighboring domains are oriented at different angles to improve the identification of the sites.

Methods and apparatuses for performing a nanoarray-in-microarray assay is provided, which can be used to estimate a protein concentration in a sample solution. A plurality of nanodots are fabricated on a surface having at least one affinity binder. One or more microspots are superimposed over the nanodots on predetermined regions of the surface, each of the microspots comprising at least one antibody. An assay process is performed on the surface, and the surface is imaged to acquire optical images of the nanodots within each microspot. Image analysis algorithms are the performed on the optical images to identify bindings on individual ones of the plurality of nanodots.

This invention provides high unit density arrays of microparticles and methods of assembling such arrays. The microparticles in the arrays may be functionalized with chemical or biological entities specific to a given target analyte. The high unit density arrays of this invention are formed on chips which may be combined to form multichip arrays according to the methods described herein. The chips and/or multichip arrays of this invention are useful for chemical and biological assays.

An article of manufacture having a plurality of sites in domains of regular patterns. Neighboring domains are oriented at different angles to improve the identification of the sites.