The present invention relates to a plasma reactor and more specifically to an plasma microreactor comprising a support, made at least partially of a dielectric material, the support comprising a gas inlet, a liquid inlet, at least a fluid outlet, a liquid microchannel in the support, a gas channel, at least a ground electrode, at least a high voltage electrode, separated from the gas channel by the dielectric material of the support, wherein said ground electrode and said high voltage electrode are arranged on opposite sides of the gas channel so as to be able to create an electric field inside the gas channel, wherein the liquid microchannel and the gas channel are contiguous and at least an opening is arranged between the liquid microchannel and the gas channel so as to form a fluid channel and to cause the liquid flow contact the gas flow and wherein the liquid flow is retained within the liquid microchannel by capillarity action.

A method of substituting an azide for hydrogen bonded to a tertiary carbon atom is provided. A liquid mixture in an oxygen-free environment has spaced-apart carbon and platinum electrodes disposed therein. The liquid mixture includes a solvent, ammonium azide, and a base material having at least one tertiary carbon atom with hydrogen bonded thereto. An electric current is applied to the electrodes where the liquid mixture undergoes a reaction. The electrochemically-induced reaction yields a liquid product and a solid product. The liquid product includes the solvent and a constituent having at least one tertiary carbon atom with an azide bonded thereto.

The device for pyrolysis of carbonaceous materials comprises a working chamber comprising a non-magnetic wall comprising an inner graphite lining; one or more electrodes adapted to be inserted within a carbon-based bedding; a solenoid coiled around the device exterior, the solenoid adapted to create a magnetic field within the working chamber such that when the solenoid is energized, the carbon-based bedding is caused to move; a lower solids outlet comprising an airlock, the solids outlet adapted to permit solids to exit the device; and a lower gas outlet adapted to permit gaseous substances to exit after having traveled through the carbon-based bedding. The method comprises the steps of loading carbon-containing materials into the working chamber; using the first and second electrodes to heat the carbon-containing materials by passing electric current through the carbon-containing materials without air access; collecting, cleaning and releasing gaseous pyrolysis products produced by the heating.

This disclosure provides methods, systems, and compositions of matter for studying solvent accessibility and three-dimensional structure of biological molecules. A plasma can be used to generate marker radicals, which can interact with a biological molecule and mark the solvent-accessible portions of the biological molecule.

The present invention relates to a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma reactor comprising a catalyst bed for CO.sub.X hydrogenation in a discharge region; and a method to produce light hydrocarbons from a CO.sub.X-containing gas mixture in the DBD plasma reactor. In the DBD plasma reactor for a CO.sub.X hydrogenation reaction, the catalyst for CO.sub.X hydrogenation comprises a catalytically active component on a mesoporous support that is a dielectric. When the DBD plasma reactor for a CO.sub.X hydrogenation reaction according to the present invention is used, it is possible to convert by-product gases or waste gases into higher-value-added chemical products without additional heat supply from the outside.

An in-liquid plasma generation device includes a housing which holds a liquid in an internal space, a gas supply tube which includes an opening in the internal space and discharges a gas into the liquid through the opening, a first electrode which has projecting part projecting into the internal space via the opening from inside of the gas supply tube, the projecting part including a conductor covered by a dielectric, a second electrode which surrounds the projecting part of the first electrode and includes a conductor isolated from the liquid by a dielectric, and a voltage applier which applies a voltage to between the first electrode and the second electrode. A space between the projecting part and the second electrode is a flow passage in which the gas discharged from the opening flows.

In the liquid phase reforming (LPR) of oxygenated C,H-containing compounds such as alcohols, various strategies are disclosed for managing byproduct CO.sub.2. Important processing options include those in which electrolyte, consumed in capturing or precipitating the CO.sub.2 generated from LPR, is regenerated or not regenerated, with carbon emissions potentially being avoided in the latter case. With regeneration, different chemistries are possible, such as in the case of a regeneration cycle utilizing hydroxide anions to precipitate a solid, carbonate form of CO.sub.2 that is generated from reforming. Alternatively, a reaction and regeneration system may use carbonate anions to “capture” CO.sub.2 and thereby maintain it as aqueous, solubilized bicarbonate form.

A nanobubble generator includes a pipe and an energy source. The pipe includes an external surface, an internal surface, an internal cavity through which liquid can flow, a liquid inlet, and a liquid outlet. The internal cavity is configured to create a reduced pressure zone between the liquid inlet and liquid outlet. The nanobubble generator also includes an energy source. The energy source includes (a) a power supply, a signal generator, and at least one electrical conductor configured to apply an oscillating magnetic field to the pipe, (b) a power supply and a pair of electrical conductors configured to generate an electrical arc between the two electrical conductors and apply the electrical arc to the pipe, or (c) a combination thereof. The generator creates nanobubbles in the absence of an external source of gas.

A method and a device are proposed for plasma-chemical conversion of gas or gas mixture using a pulsed electrical discharge. They allow increasing efficiency of the process for converting gas/gas mixture into desired products by stimulating forward reactions and minimizing reverse reactions. This is achieved by converting the gas/gas mixture using a pulsed electrical discharge in the form of hot plasma channels formed between electrodes in the moving flow of gas/gas mixture, wherein the ratio of the flow velocity to the average discharge current falls within the following range: 250 J/(m.sup.3*A.sup.2)<ρ*V.sup.2/I.sup.2<4,000 J/(m.sup.3*A.sup.2), where ρ is the density of gas/gas mixture in a reaction chamber (kg/m3), V is the flow velocity of gas/gas mixture in the reaction chamber (m/s), and I is the average current of the pulsed electrical discharge (A).

Method and apparatus for synthesizing compounds by a low temperature plasma dual-electric field aided gas phase reaction are provided. The method utilizes two different electrode corona discharge fields in a plasma aided reactor to form a plasma dual-electric field, using electric energy to convert gas into gas molecules, atoms, ions and/or free radicals, and then reforming and reducing to obtain organic compounds such as aliphatic hydrocarbons, higher carbon ethers, higher carbon alcohols, higher carbon esters, lower carbon alcohols, and the like; also inorganic compounds such as N.sub.2, O.sub.2, H.sub.2SO.sub.4, NH.sub.3, and the like. The apparatus includes a reactor having a plasma region of two different corona discharge fields, wherein an alternating current corona discharge field or a positive corona discharge field is set in the first electric field, and a negative corona discharge field is set in the second electric field.