A method and apparatus for making carbon black having increased surface area, reduced grit and/or reduced extract levels. A plasma gas is flowed into a plasma forming region to form a plasma. The plasma then flows through a throat region which is narrower than the plasma forming section, which is connected to a separate carbon black forming region. This causes the plasma to accelerate and become turbulent prior to the exit point in the throat region. The carbon black forming feedstock is injected into the turbulence created by the throat region at a point above, at or near the exit point, resulting in the formation of a carbon black in the separate carbon black forming region. The throat region and/or injector region can be cooled, e.g., water plasma gas cooled.

A plasma abatement process for abating effluent containing compounds from a processing chamber is described. A plasma abatement process takes gaseous foreline effluent from a processing chamber, such as a deposition chamber, and reacts the effluent within a plasma chamber placed in the foreline path. The plasma dissociates the compounds within the effluent, converting the effluent into more benign compounds. Abating reagents may assist in the abating of the compounds. The abatement process may be a volatizing or a condensing abatement process. Representative volatilizing abating reagents include, for example, CH.sub.4, H.sub.2O, H.sub.2, NF.sub.3, SF.sub.6, F.sub.2, HCl, HF, Cl.sub.2, and HBr. Representative condensing abating reagents include, for example, H.sub.2, H.sub.2O, O.sub.2, N.sub.2, O.sub.3, CO, CO.sub.2, NH.sub.3, N.sub.2O, CH.sub.4, and combinations thereof.

An application for a recycler includes a pressure and temperature resistant metal vessel that is filled with a liquid. Within the vessel is at least one submerged electric arc between a pair of electrodes (e.g. carbon based electrodes) powered by either a DC or AC current. The electric arc produces a combustible gas as the liquid is pumped through a bore in one or both of the electrodes, delivering the liquid directly to the location of the arc, thereby reducing or eliminating any ignition of the gas by the arc. Should ignition occur, at least one vent in the electrode(s) or electrode holder(s) vents pressure from within the bore to the vessel area outside of the electrode(s).

The present invention concerns a reactor for the conversion of carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide into hydrocarbon and/or alcohol comprising a support made from an electrically and thermally conductive material, forming the wall or walls of at least one longitudinal channel that passes through the support and also acting as the cathode of the reactor, at least one wire electrode forming an anode of the reactor, and extending within each longitudinal channel, and being arranged at a distance from the wall or walls of the longitudinal channel, each wire electrode optionally being covered with an electrically insulating layer along the part of the wire electrode extending within the longitudinal channel, a catalyst capable of catalysing a conversion reaction for the conversion of carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide into hydrocarbon and/or alcohol, the catalyst being situated between the wire electrode and the wall or walls of each longitudinal channel.

The invention relates to inorganic chemistry, peroxides and agriculture, plant cultivation, medicine, sanitation and hygiene. The method and device for producing an environmentally friendly solution of hydrogen peroxide from water with a concentration exceeding the natural one in a reactor filled with water, consist in the fact that an electrode made of an electrically conducting material is installed above the water surface. The electrode is connected to the high-voltage terminal of a Tesla resonant transformer, and an electrode is supplied electric energy from a Tesla transformer with a voltage of 1-1000 kV and a frequency of 1-1500 kHz. The streamers of an electric discharge between the electrode, the air and the water surface are created with the formation of hydrogen peroxide in the water. While the reactor of closed or open types contains connecting pipes for supplying water and draining the hydrogen peroxide solution, which is intended for sanitization without dilution, disinfection and disinsection, and after dilution to a natural concentration, stimulates the growth and the development of plants.

An environmentally friendly solution of hydrogen peroxide of natural concentration can be used to increase the yield of cereals, melons and vegetables, as well as gardens and vineyards. The use of the obtained environmentally friendly solution of hydrogen peroxide is possible in medical practice for internal use.

To provide a hydrogen generating apparatus that efficiently generates hydrogen from ammonia, and a fuel cell system that generates power using the efficiently generated hydrogen. [Solution] A hydrogen generating apparatus (1) is provided with a plasma reactor (3), a high-voltage electrode (5), a grounding electrode (7), and a gas supply means (15) that supplies a gas containing ammonia to the plasma reactor. The high-voltage electrode (5) is configured with a hydrogen separation membrane (12) included therein. Under the conditions of room temperature and atmospheric pressure, the hydrogen separation membrane (12) of the high-voltage electrode (5) discharges electricity between the grounding electrode (7) and the hydrogen separation membrane with power supplied from a high-voltage pulse power supply (2), and hydrogen is generated by bringing into the plasma state the ammonia contained in the gas thus supplied.

Methods of sequestering toxin particulates are described herein. In a primary processing chamber, a carbon source of toxin particulates may be combined with plasma from three plasma torches to form a first fluid mixture and vitrified toxin residue. Each torch may have a working gas including oxygen gas, water vapor, and carbon dioxide gas. The vitrified toxin residue is removed. The first fluid mixture may be cooled in a first heat exchange device to form a second fluid mixture. The second fluid mixture may contact a wet scrubber. The final product from the wet scrubber may be used as a fuel product.

Disclosed are example efficient circuits that produce spark discharges for hydrocarbon conversion (or treatment of other mixtures) using a high-voltage rectified DC supply to discharge a capacitor (either internal or external) across a two-electrode gap, optimized to minimize waste energy by operating in a constant current, approximately-constant current, or constant power mode. The circuits may operate off of a standard electrical supply line (e.g. 120 VAC or 240 V AC, 60 Hz, single-phase or multi-phase). The disclosed approach is scalable to any number of discharge gaps while maintaining similar pulse characteristics and electrical efficiency.

A system for performing treatment of a liquid by ionized gas comprises a laminar flow liquid gas plasma reactor. The plasma reactor includes electrodes, an upper and lower flow spreader, and a housing. The reactor uses gas to form a gas zone above the liquid where the gas is ionized directly above and in direct contact with the liquid. The ionized gas reacts with the liquid to form an effluent.

A nitric oxide generator generates nitric oxide from a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen such as air treated by a pulsating electrical discharge. The desired concentration of nitric oxide is obtained by controlling at least one of a frequency of the pulsating electrical discharge and duration of each electrical discharge pulse.