Bacteriophage is covalently attached to a substrate by (a) combining (i) substrate with (ii) bacteriophage, wherein prior to or during the combining (i) or (ii) or both (i) and (ii) are activated, and wherein (b) during the combining the bacteriophage is contained within a liquid droplet of average diameter 150 microns or less.

Disclosed herein is a method and device for production of a new long-term storage-stable allotropic modification of oxygen, tetraoxygen O.sub.4, using a combination of known chemical reactions into one technological sequence, including chemical interaction of negative and positive oxidation state oxygen compounds. The method involves production of dioxygen difluoride by oxidation of molecular oxygen with fluorine, followed by the reaction of dioxygen difluoride with alkali metal peroxide, forming tetraoxygen O.sub.4. Tetraoxygen is stable in its liquid state up to a temperature of +40° C. and can be used for the oxidation of rocket fuel, long-term compact storage of oxygen, and many other purposes.

A system is described that is capable of operating as an energy conversion system that functions as a fuel cell and generates electrical current from a fuel or fuels, or as a reactor for conversion of starter materials into more complex molecules through ion-ion and ion-molecules and which may preferably be adapted to operate as a gas to liquid (GTL) process. The system ionises at least one fuel or starter material and manipulates, selects and transports ions for reaction by means of suitable electrostatic or electrodynamic ion guides, filters or drift tubes. The system of the present application replaces the electrolyte, catalyst and/or membrane found in classic fuel cells or GTL processes with an electrostatic or electrodynamic ion manipulation region such as an ion guide, analyser, drift tube or filter.

A method of dissociating hydrogen and oxygen from a water molecule comprises isolating a predetermined volume of water between concentrically-mounted electrodes; applying a magnetic field across the predetermined volume of water, the magnetic field focused radially and attracting diametrically across the electrodes; exciting water molecules in the isolated volume of water to a resonant harmonic frequency; and synchronously applying short burst high voltage, high frequency AC pulse packets to the isolated volume of water to create an electric field. The AC pulse packets have a burst width of up to 1 millisecond and a voltage up to about 10 MV, and generate an oscillating electromotive force which acts on the excited water molecules to dissociate hydrogen and oxygen.

Method and apparatus for synthesizing compounds by a low temperature plasma dual-electric field aided gas phase reaction are provided. The method utilizes two different electrode corona discharge fields in a plasma aided reactor to form a plasma dual-electric field, using electric energy to convert gas into gas molecules, atoms, ions and/or free radicals, and then reforming and reducing to obtain organic compounds such as aliphatic hydrocarbons, higher carbon ethers, higher carbon alcohols, higher carbon esters, lower carbon alcohols, and the like; also inorganic compounds such as N.sub.2, O.sub.2, H.sub.2SO.sub.4, NH.sub.3, and the like. The apparatus includes a reactor having a plasma region of two different corona discharge fields, wherein an alternating current corona discharge field or a positive corona discharge field is set in the first electric field, and a negative corona discharge field is set in the second electric field.

Devices, systems, and methods are provided that cause plasma-based chemical reactions. An example plasma-based reactor system includes a reactor chamber and an inlet port configured to provide an entry point for one or more reagents to enter the reactor chamber. The reactor system also includes an outlet port configured to provide an exit point for one or more chemical products to exit the reactor chamber. The reactor system also includes a resonator disposed within the reactor chamber and configured to provide a low-temperature coronal plasma when excited at a resonant wavelength. The low-temperature coronal plasma is configured to chemically modify at least a portion of the one or more reagents so as to form one or more chemical products.

A system is described that is capable of operating as an energy conversion system that functions as a fuel cell and generates electrical current from a fuel or fuels, or as a reactor for conversion of starter materials into more complex molecules through ion-ion and ion-molecules and which may preferably be adapted to operate as a gas to liquid (GTL) process. The system ionises at least one fuel or starter material and manipulates, selects and transports ions for reaction by means of suitable electrostatic or electrodynamic ion guides, filters or drift tubes. The system of the present application replaces the electrolyte, catalyst and/or membrane found in classic fuel cells or GTL processes with an electrostatic or electrodynamic ion manipulation region such as an ion guide, analyser, drift tube or filter.

Provided is an ion wind generation device which is capable of providing a wide range of ion delivery and providing ion wind having a reduced ozone concentration near a nozzle without use of a filter or the like. The ion wind generation device includes an electrode pair including a discharge electrode body having a discharge portion and a counter electrode body having a plurality of end portions, and generates ion wind by corona discharge that occurs due to a potential difference generated between the discharge portion and the end portions. The end portions are located spaced apart from one another in a single plane and disposed around an axis of the discharge electrode body in the single plane or disposed along a line in the single plane.

A method of dissociating hydrogen and oxygen from a water molecule comprises isolating a predetermined volume of water between concentrically-mounted electrodes; applying a magnetic field across the predetermined volume of water, the magnetic field focused radially and attracting diametrically across the electrodes; exciting water molecules in the isolated volume of water to a resonant harmonic frequency; and synchronously applying short burst high voltage, high frequency AC pulse packets to the isolated volume of water to create an electric field. The AC pulse packets have a burst width of up to 1 millisecond and a voltage up to about 10 MV, and generate an oscillating electromotive force which acts on the excited water molecules to dissociate hydrogen and oxygen.

This invention relates to a method of increasing the size of particulates in a gas comprising particulates, e.g. a gas that is formed from the combustion of fuels. The method comprises mixing an ionised gas stream with the gas comprising particulates.