An energy storage apparatus, an energy storage system, and a redundant control method, where the energy storage apparatus includes a power module and a battery module; the power module includes a first switch and a first controller configured to control the first switch; the battery module includes a second switch and a second controller configured to control the second switch; the first controller is connected to both the first switch and the second controller, and the second controller is connected to the second switch.

A network unit may be operatively attached to power lines of an interconnected power system and/or a device such as a power module that may further include a communication interface. The network unit may be operable to superimpose a first signal representative of a sensed parameter of the power system onto the power lines, thereby to transmit the first signal to other power modules in the interconnected power system or to a power device in interconnected power system. The network unit may receive a second signal of the parameter superimposed onto the power lines from another network unit.

A solution is disclosed for providing fault-managed power systems using optical elements. The fault-managed power systems are able to provide safe and efficient power delivery utilizing optical fiber links to improve signal integrity, security, and reach of the system.

Disclosed in the present application is a conversion apparatus, comprising: a CAN protocol transceiver interface; a communication protocol transceiver interface; and a protocol conversion module provided with a first interface and a second interface, wherein the first interface is connected to the CAN protocol transceiver interface, and the second interface is connected to the communication protocol transceiver interface. The protocol conversion module is configured to convert first data into second data, or to convert the second data into the first data, wherein the first data is transmitted in the CAN protocol, and the second data is transmitted in the communication protocol.