Oral rehydration solutions (ORSs), methods of preparing ORSs and methods of delivering rehydration therapy are disclosed herein. In some embodiments, an ORS includes a non-starch viscosity enhancing polymer and a sodium salt. The ORS may include at least approximately 50 millimoles of dissolved sodium per liter. Other embodiments may be described and/or claimed.

Oral rehydration solutions (ORSs), methods of preparing ORSs and methods of delivering rehydration therapy are disclosed herein. In some embodiments, an ORS includes a non-starch viscosity enhancing polymer and a sodium salt. The ORS may include at least approximately 50 millimoles of dissolved sodium per liter. Other embodiments may be described and/or claimed.

A composition of exogenous ketones is provided which comprises one or more exogenous ketone bodies as well as one or more carbohydrates. More particularly, the one or more ketone bodies comprises beta-hydroxybutyrate, which provides a fuel source, and the one or more carbohydrates comprises resistant starch, which provides additional energy while preserving glycogen reserves and without causing insulin generation. In other embodiments, the carbohydrates comprise glucose, fructose, or other regular carbohydrates. The ketone bodies may also comprise acetoacetate and/or acetone. Unlike many conventional products, which spike blood sugar and result in an insulin surge, thereby blocking fat metabolism until the insulin and sugar is depleted, the inventive composition increases energy, improves insulin sensitivity, and enhances physical endurance during increased physical activity. Moreover, unlike other products, while the composition provides fuel, it also allows fat metabolism to continue for the duration of the exercise. In further embodiments, additional ingredients, such as protein, caffeine, and electrolytes may be included to provide additional energy, restore electrolyte levels, and offer other benefits.

A composition of exogenous ketones is provided which comprises one or more exogenous ketone bodies as well as one or more carbohydrates. More particularly, the one or more ketone bodies comprises beta-hydroxybutyrate, which provides a fuel source, and the one or more carbohydrates comprises resistant starch, which provides additional energy while preserving glycogen reserves and without causing insulin generation. In other embodiments, the carbohydrates comprise glucose, fructose, or other regular carbohydrates. The ketone bodies may also comprise acetoacetate and/or acetone. Unlike many conventional products, which spike blood sugar and result in an insulin surge, thereby blocking fat metabolism until the insulin and sugar is depleted, the inventive composition increases energy, improves insulin sensitivity, and enhances physical endurance during increased physical activity. Moreover, unlike other products, while the composition provides fuel, it also allows fat metabolism to continue for the duration of the exercise. In further embodiments, additional ingredients, such as protein, caffeine, and electrolytes may be included to provide additional energy, restore electrolyte levels, and offer other benefits.

An energy composition includes a methylated xanthine, a choline derivative, and at least one flavorant in a sufficient amount to render the energy composition palatable. The energy composition may also include vitamins, amino acids, preservatives, and the like.

An energy composition includes a methylated xanthine, a choline derivative, and at least one flavorant in a sufficient amount to render the energy composition palatable. The energy composition may also include vitamins, amino acids, preservatives, and the like.

The performance of a mammal, manifested as a reduced oxygen uptake (VO.sub.2) during physical exercise, can be enhanced by administering to said mammal a non-toxic amount of nitrate and/or nitrite. Liquid, semi-solid and solid snack and food products and nutritional supplements, such as sport drinks are made available.

The performance of a mammal, manifested as a reduced oxygen uptake (VO.sub.2) during physical exercise, can be enhanced by administering to said mammal a non-toxic amount of nitrate and/or nitrite. Liquid, semi-solid and solid snack and food products and nutritional supplements, such as sport drinks are made available.

The present invention provides various whey protein compositions as nutritional formulations suitable for use as ready-to-use liquid compositions that are shelf-stable and contains high level of intact whey protein content. The present invention further provides the methods of making such compositions.

The present invention provides various whey protein compositions as nutritional formulations suitable for use as ready-to-use liquid compositions that are shelf-stable and contains high level of intact whey protein content. The present invention further provides the methods of making such compositions.