The disclosure provides for single chain variable fragments to oxidized phospholipid epitopes and methods of use thereof, including the production of transgenic animal models and the use of the fragments as therapeutic agents for treating CAS.

Non-human animals, tissues, cells, and genetic material are provided that comprise a modification of an endogenous non-human heavy chain immunoglobulin sequence and that comprise an ADAM6 activity functional in a mouse, wherein the non-human animals express a human immunoglobulin heavy chain variable domain and a cognate human immunoglobulin λ light chain variable domain.

The present invention relates to transgenic avians and the eggs produced therefrom wherein the eggs comprise a genetic modification that facilitates in ovo gender sorting and a genetic modification that increases a production trait in the eggs or the avians produced therefrom. The present invention also relates to methods of identifying the gender of eggs before hatching and methods of sorting the eggs based on gender before hatching.

The invention discloses methods for the generation of chimaeric human-non-human antibodies and chimaeric antibody chains, antibodies and antibody chains so produced, and derivatives thereof including fully humanised antibodies; compositions comprising the antibodies, antibody chains and derivatives, as well as cells, non-human mammals and vectors, suitable for use in the methods.

The present invention relates to humanisation of antibodies in vivo. The invention provides non-human vertebrates, cells, populations and methods useful for humanising chimaeric antibodies in vivo. Using the present invention, it is possible straightforwardly and rapidly to obtain antigen-specific antibodies that are fully human (i.e., comprising human variable and constant regions) and have undergone recombination, junctional diversification, affinity maturation and isotype switching in vivo in a non-human vertebrate system. Furthermore, such antibodies are humanised (e.g., totally human)—and selected—totally in vivo, and as such the present invention harnesses in vivo filtering for expressibility, affinity and biophysical characteristics in the context of the desired human variable and constant region pairings. This avoids problems of down-grading antibody characteristics when humanising the constant region of chimaeric antibodies in vitro.

There is provided a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a Factor VIII protein, wherein a B domain portion of the Factor VIII protein is encoded by a nucleotide sequence between 90 and 111 nucleotides in length and has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85% identical to SEQ ID NO: 4 which comprises six asparagine residues. Also provided is a Factor VIII protein, a vector comprising the above nucleic acid molecule, a host cell, a transgenic animal, a method of treating Haemophilia for example, Haemophilia A, and a method for the preparation of a parvoviral gene delivery vector.

The present invention provides a genetic modification non-human organism in which an expression level of Cas9 is high and a plurality of different genes or a plurality of different locations in the same gene can be edited at the same time with high efficiency. The genetic modification non-human organism of the present invention includes a nuclear genome having at least 3 copies of genes that code for Cas9 (CRISPR-associated 9). Egg cells of the present invention are derived from the genetic modification non-human organism having the nuclear genome into which at least 3 copies of genes that code for the Cas9 are introduced. Fertilized eggs of the present invention are obtained by fertilizing the egg cells and sperm derived from the same species of the organism. A method for modifying target genes of the present invention includes a step of introducing a guide RNA into cells derived from the genetic modification non-human organism, the egg cells, or the fertilized eggs.

This disclosure provides, among other things, strategies for minimizing antibody diversification in a transgenic animal that uses gene conversion for antibody diversification. In some embodiments, the animal may comprise a genome comprising an endogenous immunoglobulin light chain locus comprising: (a) a functional immunoglobulin light chain gene comprising a nucleic acid encoding a light chain variable region; and (b) a plurality of pseudogenes that are operably linked to the functional immunoglobulin light chain gene and that donate, by gene conversion, nucleotide sequence to the nucleic acid encoding a light chain variable region, wherein the pseudogenes are upstream or downstream of the functional immunoglobulin light chain gene and encode the same amino acid sequence as the light chain variable region of the functional immunoglobulin light chain gene of (a). In other embodiments, the locus may have a tandem array of coding sequences for the light chain.

The instant invention relates to transgenic non-human animals capable of producing heterologous antibodies, transgenes used to produce such transgenic animals, transgenes capable of functionally rearranging a heterologous D gene in V-D-J recombination, immortalized B-cells capable of producing heterologous antibodies, methods and transgenes for producing heterologous antibodies of multiple isotypes, methods and transgenes for producing heterologous antibodies wherein a variable region sequence comprises somatic mutation as compared to germline rearranged variable region sequences, transgenic nonhuman animals which produce antibodies having a human primary sequence and which bind to human antigens, hybridomas made from B cells of such transgenic animals, and monoclonal antibodies expressed by such hybridomas.

Genetically modified non-human animals are provided that express an immunoglobulin variable domain that comprises at least one histidine, wherein the at least one histidine is encoded by a substitution of a non-histidine codon in the germline of the animal with a histidine codon, or the insertion of a histidine codon in a germline immunoglobulin nucleic acid sequence. Immunoglobulin genes comprising histidines in one or more CDRs, in an N-terminal region, and/or in a loop 4 region are also provided. Immunoglobulin variable domains comprising one or more histidines (e.g., histidine clusters) substituted for non-antigen-binding non-histidine residues. Non-human animals that are progeny of animals comprising modified heavy chain variable loci (V, D, J segments), modified light chain variable loci (V, J segments), and rearranged germline light chain genes (VJ sequences) are also provided. Non-human animals that make immunoglobulin domains that bind antigens in a pH-sensitive manner are provided.