A nutritional composition for use in providing a neuroprotective effect to an individual in need thereof which nutritional composition comprises at least one human milk oligosaccharide selected from lacto-N-neotetraose and 2′-fucosyllactose.

Disclosed embodiments provide nutritional compositions and methods of enhancing maturation of an infant's brain. The methods include the step of administering to the infant a nutritional composition comprising a protein with a degree of hydrolysis of 10% to 75% in combination with at least one of a monoglyceride, a free fatty acid, a salt of a free fatty acid, a phospholipid, and cholesterol.

Disclosed embodiments provide nutritional compositions and methods of enhancing maturation of an infant's brain. The methods include the step of administering to the infant a nutritional composition comprising a protein with a degree of hydrolysis of 10% to 75% in combination with at least one of a monoglyceride, a free fatty acid, a salt of a free fatty acid, a phospholipid, and cholesterol.

Provided are nutritional supplements designed for enhancing the growth, particularly the linear growth, of pre-pubertal children with a stature measure short compared to the norm. The nutritional composition comprises an energy source, and a combination of micronutrients, and is adapted separately for the nutritional needs of male or female adolescents.

Provided are nutritional supplements designed for enhancing the growth, particularly the linear growth, of pre-pubertal children with a stature measure short compared to the norm. The nutritional composition comprises an energy source, and a combination of micronutrients, and is adapted separately for the nutritional needs of male or female adolescents.

Provided herein are dietary supplement compositions comprising a plurality of beadlets and an oil. Provided herein are also dietary supplement compositions comprising a plurality of mini-tabs and oil. The beadlets or mini-tabs comprise at least one nutrient that is miscible in aqueous solution, and the oil comprises at least one fat-soluble nutrient. The composition may be contained within one or more capsules, and be packaged with a scented insert.

Provided herein are dietary supplement compositions comprising a plurality of beadlets and an oil. Provided herein are also dietary supplement compositions comprising a plurality of mini-tabs and oil. The beadlets or mini-tabs comprise at least one nutrient that is miscible in aqueous solution, and the oil comprises at least one fat-soluble nutrient. The composition may be contained within one or more capsules, and be packaged with a scented insert.

Choline alfoscerate is a drug used to improve cerebrovascular diseases and brain metabolism. It is a drug with proven safety, which has no effect on the kidney and liver and with no severe side effect reported. When administered to a patient with muscle cramps, it can significantly reduce pain and the occurrence of muscle cramps. Accordingly, it may be used as an active ingredient in a pharmaceutical composition for treating or preventing muscle cramps and a health functional food composition for improving muscle cramps and may also be used for a method for treating muscle cramps by administering choline alfoscerate. In addition, choline alfoscerate may also be used to prepare a medication for treating muscle cramps.

Choline alfoscerate is a drug used to improve cerebrovascular diseases and brain metabolism. It is a drug with proven safety, which has no effect on the kidney and liver and with no severe side effect reported. When administered to a patient with muscle cramps, it can significantly reduce pain and the occurrence of muscle cramps. Accordingly, it may be used as an active ingredient in a pharmaceutical composition for treating or preventing muscle cramps and a health functional food composition for improving muscle cramps and may also be used for a method for treating muscle cramps by administering choline alfoscerate. In addition, choline alfoscerate may also be used to prepare a medication for treating muscle cramps.

The invention encompasses compositions and methods for effectively treating and/or preventing the development and/or progression of osteoporosis and related disorders such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, and for promoting overall bone and joint health. This is accomplished by addressing multiple key mechanisms that lead to such disorders. The invention includes compositions comprising a combination of agents having biological activities that effectively suppress, regulate or interfere with the various key biochemical processes and mechanisms that increase the risk for development and/or progression of osteoporosis. The present compositions and methods simultaneously promote bone formation and reduce bone resorption by (a) stimulating osteoblast formation and osteogenesis; (b) suppressing adipocyte differentiation; (c) inhibiting osteoclast formation; and (d) increasing apoptosis of osteoclasts. The inventive compositions used for administration to human and other mammalian subjects having or at risk for development of osteoporosis comprise (1) at least one agent capable of modulating expression and/or activity of one or more of peroxisome activated protein receptor gamma (PPAR-γ), CAAT/enhancer binding protein-α (C/EBPα) and Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein (SREBP-1); (2) at least one agent that activates expression and/or activity of one or more of the osteogenic transcription factors (Runx2/Cbfα1, Dlx5, Osterix, Msx2); (3) at least one agent that activates expression and/or activity of one or more of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs: BMP 2 and 4), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and osteocalcin; (4) at least one agent capable of activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway; (5) at least one agent that inhibits the activity of pro-oxidants including reactive nitrogen species and reactive oxygen species (ROS); (6) at least one agent that suppresses one or more of inflammatory mediators including interleukins IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, NF-κB, TNF-α, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2); and (7) at least one agent that induces the expression of and/or activates one or more of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), sirtuin (SIRT1) and adiponectin (AP).