The present invention relates to a composition for preventing or treating inflammatory diseases, comprising a Lactobacillus sakei CVL-001 strain. The composition activates NOD2, which is an inflammation regulator, and exhibits the effects of inhibiting weight loss and improving clinical activity scores (disease activity index; DAI) in an animal model in which ulcerative colitis is induced, and thus the present invention can be effectively used in the prevention, treatment or alleviation of inflammatory diseases.