A nanobubbler includes a porous ceramic material, a first inlet configured to inject a gas into the porous ceramic material, wherein the porous ceramic material is configured to emit nanobubbles into the chamber from the surface in response to the injection of the gas, a chamber positioned adjacent to a surface of the porous ceramic material, a second inlet configured to inject a liquid into the chamber so that the nanobubbles are dislodged from the surface of the porous ceramic material into the liquid, and an outlet configured to output from the chamber the liquid infused with the nanobubbles. The nanobubbles infused into the liquid have an average diameter of less than 500 nanometers.

An apparatus for producing a composition that includes nano-bubbles dispersed in a liquid carrier includes: (a) an elongate housing comprising a first end and a second end, the housing defining a liquid inlet, a liquid outlet, and an interior cavity adapted for receiving the liquid carrier from a liquid source; and (b) a gas-permeable member at least partially disposed within the interior cavity of the housing. The gas-permeable member includes an open end adapted for receiving a pressurized gas from a gas source, a closed end, and a porous sidewall extending between the open and closed ends having a mean pore size no greater than 1.0 m. The gas-permeable member defines an inner surface, an outer surface, and a lumen. The housing and gas-permeable member are configured to form a composition that includes the liquid carrier and the nano-bubbles dispersed therein.

An apparatus for producing a composition that includes nano-bubbles dispersed in a liquid carrier includes: (a) an elongate housing comprising a first end and a second end, the housing defining a liquid inlet, a liquid outlet, and an interior cavity adapted for receiving the liquid carrier from a liquid source; and (b) a gas-permeable member at least partially disposed within the interior cavity of the housing. The gas-permeable member includes an open end adapted for receiving a pressurized gas from a gas source, a closed end, and a porous sidewall extending between the open and closed ends having a mean pore size no greater than 1.0 m. The gas-permeable member defines an inner surface, an outer surface, and a lumen. The housing and gas-permeable member are configured to form a composition that includes the liquid carrier and the nano-bubbles dispersed therein.

An apparatus for producing a composition that includes nano-bubbles dispersed in a liquid carrier includes: (a) an elongate housing comprising a first end and a second end, the housing defining a liquid inlet, a liquid outlet, and an interior cavity adapted for receiving the liquid carrier from a liquid source; and (b) a gas-permeable member at least partially disposed within the interior cavity of the housing. The gas-permeable member includes an open end adapted for receiving a pressurized gas from a gas source, a closed end, and a porous sidewall extending between the open and closed ends having a mean pore size no greater than 1.0 m. The gas-permeable member defines an inner surface, an outer surface, and a lumen. The housing and gas-permeable member are configured to form a composition that includes the liquid carrier and the nano-bubbles dispersed therein.

A nozzle for injecting a first liquid mass into a stream of second liquid mass flowing within a pipe, comprising a first, outer, cylinder and second, inner, cylinder concentrically arranged about a nozzle axis, securing means for securing the nozzle to a wall of the pipe with the nozzle axis orthogonal to the pipe wall, the nozzle projecting into an interior of the pipe in use, duct means for receiving the first liquid mass and transporting it to the interior of the inner and outer cylinders, the inner cylinder comprising at least one hole arranged to expel liquid therethrough, and the outer cylinder comprising at least one hole arranged to expel liquid therethrough.

A method and apparatus for producing hydrogen gas whereby a nanobubble generator introduces nanobubbles at a concentration of at least 10.sup.7 nanobubbles per cm.sup.3 into an electrolytic cell comprising a pair of electrodes and a hydrogen-containing, electrolyzable liquid, and the electrolytic cell is operated to produce hydrogen gas.

A fluid distribution device for a gas-liquid contactor the device having a first side, a second side and a plurality of through-holes extending from the first side to the second side, through which holes a first fluid can flow. The fluid distribution device further having an interior, which is delimited by the first side and the second side and which is sealed in a fluid-tight manner in relation to the through-holes, a plurality of openings, which connect the interior to the second side, and a fluid connection, through which a second fluid can be introduced into or evacuated from the interior. A gas-liquid contactor having a fluid distribution device of this type and to a method for adding a gas to a liquid is also disclosed.

A gas injection assembly for injecting a gas into a liquid to form a solution includes a vessel that receives the liquid, a flow channel that conveys the liquid from the vessel through an upstream inlet to a downstream outlet that is configured to dispense the solution, and a sparger having a porous surface positioned in the flow channel such that the liquid flows across the porous surface and the porous surface injects the gas into the liquid as the liquid flows across the porous surface.

Provided is an ultrafine bubble generation device for aquaculture or wastewater treatment with which it is possible to efficiently cause ultrafine bubbles to be dissolved or to coexist, and to increase the concentration of a gas in the liquid. An ultrafine bubble generation device for aquaculture or wastewater treatment provided with a channel for channeling a liquid, a compression device for pumping a gas into the channel, and a bubble generation medium for releasing the gas pumped by the compression device as ultrafine bubbles into the liquid in the channel, wherein the bubble generation medium is formed from a carbon-based porous material and is disposed so as to be horizontal or below horizontal with respect to the direction of flow of the liquid in the channel.

Various embodiments herein pertain to apparatus and methods that utilize the water and existing chemicals to generate a foam. The foam can be introduced at that gas-path entrance of the equipment, where it contacts the stages and internal surfaces, to contact, scrub, carry, and remove fouling away from equipment to restore performance. Some embodiments include mixing gas with liquid to create a supply of foam, streaming the foam into a gas turbine engine installed on an airplane, rotating the spools of the engine while streaming, and re-rotating the spools of the engine after a spool has stopped. In yet other embodiments there is a method that includes streaming the foam into an engine installed on an airplane, quantifying an improvement to a family of engines achievable by foam washing, operating a specific engine, determining that the specific engine should be washed, and scheduling a foam washing of the specific engine.