A hydrocarbon production system capable of efficiently producing hydrocarbon containing a high-calorie gas by securing hydrogen and carbon monoxide required for hydrocarbon synthesis using water and carbon dioxide as raw materials is obtained. The hydrocarbon production system includes an electrolytic reaction unit that converts water and carbon dioxide into hydrogen and carbon monoxide through an electrolytic reaction, a catalytic reaction unit that converts a product generated by the electrolytic reaction unit into hydrocarbon through a catalytic reaction, and branch paths and that branch a portion of an outlet component of the catalytic reaction unit.

To provide an egg shell-type platinum-loaded alumina catalyst demonstrating excellent performance in terms of catalyst life, an egg shell-type platinum-loaded alumina catalyst includes: an alumina carrier; platinum dispersed and loaded on an outer shell of the alumina carrier; and one or more second components selected from the group consisting of vanadium, chromium, molybdenum, and phosphorus. Preferably, the content of platinum is 0.05 to 5.0 wt % calculated as elemental platinum. The content of each second component preferably is 0.1 to 5.0 wt % calculated as each element. The alumina carrier has a surface area of 150 m.sup.2/g or more, a pore volume of 0.40 cm.sup.3/g or more, and an average pore diameter of 40 to 300 Å, with pores having a pore diameter in a range of ±30 Å from the average pore diameter occupying 60% or more of a total pore volume.

A catalyst for oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of ethane with an empirical formula Mo—V—Te—Nb—Pd—O produced using a process comprising impregnation of the Pd component on the surface of the catalyst following a calcination step using a Pd compound free of halogens. The resulting catalyst can be used in both diluted and undiluted ODH processes and shows higher than expected activity without any loss of selectivity.

Provided is a method for producing, from a carboxylic acid ester, a corresponding ether. In the method, the reaction product and catalyst can be easily separated, and a large amount of salt waste or hazardous waste is not discharged. The method for producing an ether includes reducing a carboxylic acid ester with molecular hydrogen in the presence of the following Catalyst and producing the corresponding ether, in which the —C(═O)O— group of the carboxylic acid ester has been converted to a —CH.sub.2O— group: Catalyst: a catalyst in which the following M.sup.1 and M.sup.2 are supported as metal species on the following Support. M.sup.1: platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, or iridium. M.sup.2: molybdenum, rhenium, tungsten, or vanadium. Support: zirconium oxide, titanium oxide, cerium oxide, or hydroxyapatite.

The present invention provides a catalyst for hydrogen peroxide decomposition with which hydrogen peroxide present in acid-containing water to be treated can be efficiently decomposed at low cost and which is less apt to dissolve away in the water being treated, can be stably used over a long period, and renders acid recovery and recycling possible. The present invention has solved the problems with a catalyst for hydrogen peroxide decomposition which is for use in decomposing hydrogen peroxide present in acid-containing water to be treated, the catalyst including a base and, a catalyst layer that is amorphous, includes a platinum-group metal having catalytic function and a Group-6 element metal having catalytic function and is formed over the base.

Described herein are processes for one-step delignification and hydrodeoxygenation of lignin fraction a biomass feedstock. The lignin feedstock is derived from by-products of paper production and biorefineries. Additionally described is a process for converting biomass-derived oxygenates to lower oxygen-content compounds and/or hydrocarbons in the liquid or vapor phase in a reactor system containing hydrogen and a catalyst comprised of a hydrogenation function and/or an oxophilic function and/or an acid function. Finally, also described herein is a process for converting biomass-derived oxygenates to lower oxygen-content compounds and/or hydrocarbons in the liquid or vapor phase in a reactor system containing hydrogen and a catalyst comprised of a hydrogenation function and/or an oxophilic function and/or an acid function.

Embodiments of methods of synthesizing a metathesis catalyst system, which include impregnating tungsten oxide on silica support in the presence of a precursor to produce a base catalyst; calcining the base catalyst; dispersing a solid metal-based co-catalyst onto the surface of the base catalyst to produce a doped catalyst; and calcining the doped catalyst to produce a metathesis catalyst system. Further embodiments of processes for the production of propylene, which include contacting a hydrocarbon feedstock comprising a mixture of 1-butene and 2-butene with embodiments of the metathesis catalyst system to produce, via metathesis conversion, a product stream comprising propylene.

The present invention relates to a high-performance polyoxometalate catalyst and a method of preparing the same. More particularly, the present invention provides a high-performance polyoxometalate catalyst, the activity and selectivity of which may be improved by controlling the content of vanadium and the like and which has superior reproducibility and may unsaturated carboxylic acid from unsaturated aldehyde in a high yield for a long time, a method of preparing the same, and the like.

The exhaust gas-purifying catalyst of the invention includes a noble metal, and crystallites that form CZ composite metal particles which serve as a carrier supporting the noble metal and contain at least zirconium (Zr) and cerium (Ce). The CZ composite oxide particles (crystallites) further contain crystal growth-suppressing fine particles which are fine metal particles comprising primarily a metallic element M that melts at 1,500° C. or above and which suppress crystal growth by the CZ composite oxide particles. The content of the metallic element M included in the CZ composite oxide particles, expressed in terms of the oxide thereof, is 0.5 mol % or less of the total oxide.

A catalyst comprising palladium, bismuth, and at least one third element X selected from the group consisting of P, S, Sc, V, Ga, Se, Y, Nb, Mo, La, Ce, and Nd, wherein the catalyst further comprises a support.