Processes and associated reaction systems for the oxidative dehydrogenation of an alkane containing 2 to 6 carbon atoms, preferably ethane or propane, more preferably ethane, are provided. In particular, a process is provided that comprises supplying a feed gas comprising the alkane and oxygen to a reactor vessel that comprises an upstream and downstream catalyst bed; contacting the feed gas with an oxidative dehydrogenation catalyst in the upstream catalyst bed, followed by contact with an oxidative dehydrogenation/oxygen removal catalyst in the downstream catalyst bed, to yield a reactor effluent comprising the alkene; and supplying an upstream coolant to an upstream shell space of the reactor vessel from an upstream coolant circuit and a downstream coolant to a downstream shell space of the reactor vessel from a downstream coolant circuit.

The present invention relates to a hydrocarbon conversion process comprising contacting a hydrocarbon feed stream with a hydrocarbon conversion catalyst, wherein the hydrocarbon conversion catalyst comprises a first composition comprising a dehydrogenation active metal on a solid support; and a second composition comprising a transition metal and a doping agent on an inorganic support, wherein the doping agent is selected from zinc, gallium, indium, lanthanum, and mixtures thereof.

Methods of producing a catalyst for oxidation of C.sub.2 hydrocarbons and methods of using the catalyst are disclosed. Molybdenum, vanadium, and niobium metal or metal containing compounds are used to form a slurry in water. After agitating the slurry for at least 15 minutes, palladium or a palladium containing compound is added to the slurry. After further agitation, a precipitate is collected, dried and calcined to obtain an active catalyst, with palladium primarily distributed on a surface of the catalyst. The active catalyst is capable of catalyzing the conversion of C.sub.2 hydrocarbons into acetic acid.

The present disclosure provides mixed molybdenum oxide catalysts, methods for preparing epoxides from olefins and CO2 using them, and methods of making the mixed molybdenum oxide catalysts by impregnation or co-precipitation. In a preferred embodiment, the mixed molybdenum oxide catalysts are silver/molybdenum oxide catalysts, ruthenium/molybdenum oxide catalysts, or a combination thereof.

Disclosed is a ruthenium-based catalyst for hydrogen production from ammonia decomposition, comprising an active component, a promoter and a carrier, wherein the active component is ruthenium, the promoter is cesium and/or potassium, and the carrier comprises magnesium oxide, an activated carbon, cerium oxide, molybdenum oxide, tungsten oxide, barium oxide and potassium oxide. The present invention further discloses a preparation method and application of the aforementioned ruthenium-based catalyst for hydrogen production from ammonia decomposition. Compared with the prior art, the ruthenium-based catalyst for hydrogen production from ammonia decomposition provided by the present invention is low in preparation cost and simple in process, and has high catalytic activity at low temperature and good heat resistance.

A catalyst for producing light aromatics with heavy aromatics, a method for preparing the catalyst, and a use thereof are disclosed. The catalyst comprises a carrier, component (1), and component (2), wherein component (1) comprises one metal element or more metal elements selected from a group consisting of Pt, Pd, Ir, and Rh, and component (2) comprises one metal element or more metal elements selected from a group consisting of IA group, IIA group, IIIA group, IVA group, IB group, IIB group, IIIB group, IVB group, VB group, VIB group, VIIB group, La group, and VIII group other than Pt, Pd, Ir, and Rh. The catalyst can be used for producing light aromatics with heavy aromatics, whereby heavy aromatics hydrogenation selectivity and light aromatics yield can be improved.

A hydrogenolysis process is disclosed for directly converting a sugar feed comprised of a high fructose feedstock, a high sucrose feedstock, or a combination of these to a mixed lower polyols product including both propylene glycol and ethylene glycol. The process provides greater propylene glycol selectivity than ethylene glycol selectivity such that the propylene glycol is present to a greater extent than the ethylene glycol in the mixed lower polyols product. The sugar feed and a source of hydrogen are supplied to a reaction vessel and reacted in the presence of a hydrogenolysis catalyst comprising molybdenum (Mo) and ruthenium (Ru).

Described herein are heterogeneous catalysts for removing impurities, such as halogen oxyanions (e.g., ClO.sub.4.sup.− and ClO.sub.3.sup.−), from a fluid, the catalyst can comprise: an oxygen atom transfer (OAT) transition metal, a Group VIII metal, and a support, where the transition metal, and the Group VIII metal can be in physical communication with the support either directly or indirectly through each other, whereby the catalyst can chemically remove impurities from the fluid. Certain embodiments provide catalysts that further comprise nitrogen donor ligand(s). Accordingly, such catalysts that comprise the OAT transition metal in the form of a complex with one or more nitrogen donor ligands have enhanced efficiency in reducing halogen oxyanion (e.g., ClO.sub.4.sup.−) to Cl.sup.−. Also described are methods or kits for making the catalysts and methods or reactor for the treatment of a fluid utilizing the catalyst.

Methods, compositions, and articles of manufacture for alkane activation with single- or bi-metallic catalysts on crystalline mixed oxide supports.

Disclosed are a chemochromic nanoparticle, a method for manufacturing the chemochromic nanoparticle, and a hydrogen sensor comprising the chemochromic nanoparticle. In particular, the chemochromic nanoparticle has a core-shell structure such that the chemochromic nanoparticle and comprises a core comprising a hydrated or non-hydrated transition metal oxide; and a shell comprising a transition metal catalyst.