A process comprising (i) providing a spent catalytic material; (ii) water washing the spent catalytic material to provide a regenerated catalytic material; and (iii) employing the regenerated catalytic material within a catalytic oxidation process.

An exhaust purifying apparatus is provided, that can be manufactured at low manufacturing costs and is capable exhibiting high exhaust purifying performance. The exhaust purifying apparatus includes an exhaust passage, and an exhaust purifying member disposed in the exhaust passage. The exhaust purifying member is made of stainless steel. The surface of the stainless steel material is not covered with a catalyst coat containing a catalyst component, so that the surface of the stainless steel material is brought into contact with exhaust. The exhaust purifying member is made of precipitation hardening stainless steel and/or austenitic stainless steel.

Iron compound particles comprise a -FeOOH crystal phase and a metal element other than Fe with which the -FeOOH crystal phase is doped, wherein the metal element other than Fe is at least one metal element selected from the group consisting of elements of Al as well as 3d and 4d transition metals belonging to periodic table Groups 4 to 12 other than Fe, an atomic ratio of the metal element other than Fe to the Fe element (metal element other than Fe/Fe element) is 0.001 to 0.5, and the iron compound particles satisfy at least one of the following requirements (A) and (B): (A) having a crystallite diameter of 1 to 60 nm when measured by X-ray diffraction; and (B) having an average particle diameter of 1 to 600 nm when measured by dynamic light scattering in a solvent.

An improved catalyst for hydrodemetallization of heavy crude oils and residua is disclosed. The catalyst is adopted for fixed bed hydroprocessing units. The invention is characterized for having a large pore diameter catalyst principally for hydrodemetallization of heavy oil and residue in a first reactor of a multi-reactor process. The catalyst has high demetallizing activity and high metal deposition capacity which results in good stability with time on stream (TOS). The hydrorefining catalyst is obtained by kneading a porous starting powder principally composed of gamma-alumina and having a pore capacity of 0.3-0.6 ml/g or larger and a mean pore diameter of 10 to 26 nm, extrudating and calcining, and after that supported with active metals component of elements belonging to groups VIIIB and VIB of the periodic table.

A method for controllably producing a hematite-containing Fischer-Tropsch catalyst by combining an iron nitrate solution with a precipitating agent solution at a precipitating temperature and over a precipitation time to form a precipitate comprising iron phases; holding the precipitate from at a hold temperature for a hold time to provide a hematite containing precipitate; and washing the hematite containing precipitate via contact with a wash solution and filtering, to provide a washed hematite containing catalyst. The method may further comprise promoting the washed hematite containing catalyst with a chemical promoter; spray drying the promoted hematite containing catalyst; and calcining the spray dried hematite containing catalyst to provide a calcined hematite-containing Fischer-Tropsch catalyst.

An embodiment of the present invention provides a method for forming a metal oxide coating layer on a catalyst support, which comprises a precipitation step for forming a metal-containing precipitate on the catalyst support by contacting the catalyst support with a mixed solution containing a metal oxide precursor and a precipitant, and a calcination step for calcinating the metal-containing precipitate produced on the catalyst support to produce the metal oxide coating layer on the catalyst support.

Iron compound particles comprise a -FeOOH crystal phase and a metal element other than Fe with which the -FeOOH crystal phase is doped, wherein the metal element other than Fe is at least one metal element selected from the group consisting of elements of Al as well as 3d and 4d transition metals belonging to periodic table Groups 4 to 12 other than Fe, an atomic ratio of the metal element other than Fe to the Fe element (metal element other than Fe/Fe element) is 0.001 to 0.5, and the iron compound particles satisfy at least one of the following requirements (A) and (B): (A) having a crystallite diameter of 1 to 60 nm when measured by X-ray diffraction; and (B) having an average particle diameter of 1 to 600 nm when measured by dynamic light scattering in a solvent.

A method for controllably producing a hematite-containing Fischer-Tropsch catalyst by combining an iron nitrate solution with a precipitating agent solution at a precipitating temperature and over a precipitation time to form a precipitate comprising iron phases; holding the precipitate from at a hold temperature for a hold time to provide a hematite containing precipitate; and washing the hematite containing precipitate via contact with a wash solution and filtering, to provide a washed hematite containing catalyst. The method may further comprise promoting the washed hematite containing catalyst with a chemical promoter; spray drying the promoted hematite containing catalyst; and calcining the spray dried hematite containing catalyst to provide a calcined hematite-containing Fischer-Tropsch catalyst.

A process for upgrading a hydrocarbon-based composition includes combining a heated water stream and a pressurized, heated hydrocarbon-based composition in a mixing device to create a combined feed stream. The combined feed stream is introduced into a supercritical water reactor operating at a temperature greater than a critical temperature of water and a pressure greater than a critical pressure of water. The combined feed stream is at least partially converted to an upgraded product. At least one catalyst lobular structure is present in the supercritical water reactor.

Provided are particle size-controlled, chromium oxide particles or composite particles of iron oxide-chromium alloy and chromium oxide; a preparation method thereof; and use thereof, in which the chromium oxide particles or the composite particles of iron oxide-chromium alloy and chromium oxide having a desired particle size are prepared in a simpler and more efficient manner by using porous carbon material particles having a large pore volume as a sacrificial template. When the chromium oxide particles or the composite particles of iron oxide-chromium alloy and chromium oxide thus obtained are applied to gas-phase and liquid-phase catalytic reactions, they are advantageous in terms of diffusion of reactants due to particle uniformity, high-temperature stability may be obtained, and excellent reaction results may be obtained under severe reaction environment.