A catalytically active substance includes a copper (I) sulfide mineral particle, and an alkyne functionalized molecule bound to a surface of the copper (I) sulfide mineral particle. In an example method, a copper (I) sulfide mineral is reacted with an alkyne functionalized molecule to form a catalytically active substance. The catalytically active substance is reacted with an azide functionalized molecule to couple the catalytically active substance with the azide functionalized molecule.

In an example of the method, a functionalized coating layer is applied in depressions of a patterned flow cell substrate. The depressions are separated by interstitial regions. A primer is grafted to the functionalized coating layer to form a grafted functionalized coating layer in the depressions. A hydrogel is applied on at least the grafted functionalized coating layer.

Apparatus and methods for using a flow cell array are provided herein. A method includes delivering multiple items of chemical matter independently to multiple reaction sites of a flow cell array across multiple distinct instances of time; imaging multiple parallel chemical reactions at the multiple reaction sites of the flow cell array; and recording an emission from each of the multiple chemical reactions site.

Apparatus and methods for using a flow cell array are provided herein. A method includes determining placement of multiple reaction site openings, wherein each reaction site opening is connected to a first sub-surface channel; connecting the first sub-surface channel to two or more additional sub-surface channels by multiple vias; and providing a material for multiple reaction sites, wherein an overlap of the multiple reaction site openings and the material delineate the multiple reaction sites.

The invention relates to a microarray structure including a substrate material layer, a continuous three-dimensional (3D) surface layer on the substrate material layer that is capable of functionalisation for use as an array, and an inert material wherein the structure includes accurately defined and functionalisable isolated areas which are millimeter to nanometer in size. The functionalised areas are part of the continuous 3D surface layer and are isolated by the inert material and are interconnected within the structure by the continuous 3D surface layer.

A method including (a) providing an amplification reagent including an array of sites, and a solution having different target nucleic acids; and (b) reacting the amplification reagent to produce amplification sites each having a clonal population of amplicons from a target nucleic acid from the solution. The reacting can include simultaneously transporting the nucleic acids to the sites at an average transport rate, and amplifying the nucleic acids that transport to the sites at an average amplification rate, wherein the average amplification rate exceeds the average transport rate. The reacting can include producing a first amplicon from a nucleic acid that transports to each of the sites, and producing subsequent amplicons from the nucleic acid or from the first amplicon, wherein the average rate at which the subsequent amplicons are generated exceeds the average rate at which the first amplicon is generated.

An example flow cell includes a patterned substrate having an active region and a bonding region that at least partially surrounds the active region. The active region includes first depressions defined in a layer of the patterned substrate, surface chemistry positioned in the first depressions, and first interstitial regions surrounding the first depressions. The bonding region includes second depressions defined in the layer and second interstitial regions surrounding the second depressions. An adhesive is positioned over the second depressions and over the second interstitial regions. A cover is attached to the adhesive such that a flow channel is defined between a portion of the cover and the active region.

In an example of the method, a functionalized coating layer is applied in depressions of a patterned flow cell substrate. The depressions are separated by interstitial regions. A primer is grafted to the functionalized coating layer to form a grafted functionalized coating layer in the depressions. A hydrogel is applied on at least the grafted functionalized coating layer.

The present invention relates to the field of chemical synthesis. Specifically, the present invention relates to methods, materials, compositions, and devices for multiplexing chemical synthesis. In particular, the present invention provides novel methods, materials, compositions, and devices to synthesize plurality of chemical compounds, including but not limited to nucleic acids, peptides, saccharides, and phospholipids. Specifically, the present invention provides methods, materials, compositions, and devices to first form plurality of isolated wells on a solid substrate and then to carry out plurality of chemical reactions in the isolated wells, in parallel, and on the same substrate.

An example of a flow cell includes a base support, a reversibly swellable resin positioned over the base support, and a depression defined in the reversibly swellable resin. The reversibly swellable resin includes at least one hydrophilic monomer selected from the group consisting of a poly(ethylene glycol) based monomer, poly(propylene glycol) based monomer, and combinations thereof. The depression has a first opening dimension when the reversibly swellable resin is in a non-swelled stated and has a second opening dimension, that is smaller than the first opening dimension, when the reversibly swellable resin is in a swelled state.