An engine system for internal combustion and reformation of a fuel includes an engine, and a reforming reactor. The engine comprising an intake manifold for receiving a first fuel and an exhaust manifold for releasing an exhaust gas. The reforming reactor includes a first end portion, a second end, a wall having an outer surface and an inner surface. The inner surface defines an interior cavity for receiving the first fuel, a second fuel, reactants for the first fuel, or combinations thereof. The exhaust manifold of the system is sized and shaped for receiving a portion of the reforming reactor such that the exhaust gas flows along a surface of the reforming reactor within the exhaust manifold.

Briefly, in one aspect, a catalytic assembly described herein comprises a module comprising at least one layer of structural catalyst bodies having an inlet face for receiving a gas stream. A diffuser assembly is arranged a distance of greater than 50 mm from the inlet face, the diffuser assembly including at least one diffuser element comprising a plurality of apertures, wherein a ratio of aperture length (L) in the gas stream flow direction to aperture hydraulic diameter (D.sub.a) is less than 1.

A reactor for efficient control of endothermic and exothermic catalytic reactions, including, for example, Fischer Tropsch reactions. Also disclosed are methods of delivering coolant materials and gasification source materials to the reactor.

A device for the through-flow of a fluid may include a fluid inlet and a fluid outlet. A porous structure with interconnected pores is arranged between the fluid inlet and the fluid outlet, and the fluid inlet and the fluid outlet define an overall flow direction. The porous structure is coupled to a wall to provide for heat conduction between the porous structure and the wall. The porous structure has a porosity gradient along a first direction, which is cross to the overall flow direction. The porosity gradient develops along the first direction between a first porosity at a first location proximal to the wall and a second porosity larger than the first porosity at a second location remote from the wall. The difference between the second porosity and the first porosity may be at least 4%.

The present invention relates to different liquid distributors for monolith in multiphase applications. The present invention more particularly relates to distributor devices in the form of a single injection and multiple injection pipe distributors; shower head distributor comprising a plurality of holes for plunging liquid; a packing of spherical particles with a pre-distributor to split the liquid into manifold streams, before entry into the monolith bed. The present invention provides liquid distributors for monolith in multiphase applications providing improved liquid distribution into the monolith bed resulting in uniform fluid flow in each channel so as to make maximum use of the catalyst surface area.

Briefly, in one aspect, a catalytic assembly described herein comprises a module comprising at least one layer of structural catalyst bodies having an inlet face for receiving a gas stream. A diffuser assembly is arranged a distance of greater than 50 mm from the inlet face, the diffuser assembly including at least one diffuser element comprising a plurality of apertures, wherein a ratio of aperture length (L) in the gas stream flow direction to aperture hydraulic diameter (D.sub.a) is less than 1.

One aspect of the present disclosure provides a system for producing 1,3-butadiene, which includes: a first supply unit, by which a first feed including a butene raw material, oxygen and steam is supplied; a second supply unit, by which a second feed including a butene raw material and oxygen is supplied; and a reaction unit, which includes a catalyst fixed bed and in which an oxidative dehydrogenation reaction takes place, wherein the first supply unit is connected to a front end of the reaction unit, and the second supply unit is connected to an intermediate end of the reaction unit.

A propulsion element including a catalyzing reactor is disclosed. The catalyzing reactor comprises a reactor entrance and a reactor exit and an internal structure arranged for flowing a reacting medium through the reactor from the reactor entrance to the reactor exit. The reactor structure comprising at least one thin walled reactor channel arranged between the entrance and the exit of the reactor. The channel having a channel wall that includes a catalyst and that defines a flow path, in which channel in use, a catalyzed exothermic reaction takes place in the medium as it flows along the flow path. The at least one channel is looped to have a portion of its flow path that is downstream with respect to the reactor entrance in heat exchanging contact with a portion of a flow path that is that is more upstream with respect to the reactor entrance, so as to transfer heat between a downstream portion of the reacting medium to an upstream portion thereof.

The invention relates to hydrocarbon conversion, to equipment and materials useful for hydrocarbon conversion, and to processes for carrying out hydrocarbon conversion, e.g., hydrocarbon pyrolysis processes. The hydrocarbon conversion is carried out in a reactor which includes at least one channeled member that comprises refractory and has an open frontal area 55%. The refractory can include non-oxide ceramic.

A method of fabricating a catalytic reactor assembly having an outer tube and an inner tube is provided. The method may include inserting a catalyst into the outer tube and inserting the inner tube through the catalyst. The method may further include radially expanding the inner tube against the catalyst.