A method of forming a digital print on a surface by applying powder of dry ink including colourants on the surface, bonding a part of the dry ink powder to the surface by a digital heating print head such that the digital print is formed by the bonded dry ink colourants and removing non-bonded dry ink from the surface.

A substrate includes a layer including a base material and an intermediate layer including a wiring layer, an element formed on a side of the intermediate layer, and configured to generate energy for discharging a liquid, an insulating layer covering the element and the layer against a liquid chamber, and a conductive layer formed on the insulating layer so as to cover the element against the liquid chamber. The substrate further includes an electric connecting portion configured to electrically connect the wiring layer and the element, a non-insulated portion formed on a side of the intermediate layer and configured to be covered by the insulating layer against the liquid chamber, and an opening portion formed in the insulating layer at a position. The non-insulated portion is connected to the conductive layer via the opening portion.

A method of forming a digital print on a surface by applying powder of dry ink including colourants on the surface, bonding a part of the dry ink powder to the surface by a digital heating print head such that the digital print is formed by the bonded dry ink colourants and removing non-bonded dry ink from the surface.

A liquid discharge apparatus includes a liquid discharge head configured to discharge a liquid to a medium, a heater configured to heat the liquid in the liquid discharge head, and circuitry configured to cause the heater to heat the liquid in the liquid discharge head, cause the liquid discharge head to discharge the liquid heated by the heater to the medium as a discharge operation, cause the liquid discharge head to discharge the liquid heated by the heater to a portion other than the medium as a dummy discharge operation after the discharge operation, and cause the heater to stop heating the liquid in the liquid discharge head after the dummy discharge operation.

A medium heating device includes a heating unit configured to heat a medium; a first control unit and a second control unit configured to control the heating unit; and a housing including the first control unit and the second control unit inside the housing. Each of the first control unit and the second control unit includes an air inlet and an air outlet. The first control unit and the second control unit include an air intake and exhaust fan installed at at least one of the air inlet and the air outlet of the first control unit, and at at least one of the air inlet and the air outlet of the second control unit. The first control unit and the second control unit are disposed such that the air outlet of the first control unit and the air outlet of the second control unit face each other.

A method and equipment to form a digital print by applying dry colourants on a surface of a panel, bonding a part of the colourants with a binder and removing the non-bonded colourants from the surface. The method of forming a digital print on a surface of a panel includes displacing the panel under a digital drop application head, applying a liquid binder with the digital drop application head on the surface; applying colourants on the liquid binder and the surface; bonding a part of the colourants to the surface with the liquid binder; removing non-bonded colourants from the surface such that a digital print is formed by the bonded colourants; and applying heat and pressure on the panel, the surface and the bonded colorants such that the colourants are permanently bonded to the surface.

MEMS devices and methods of fabrication thereof are described. In one embodiment, the MEMS device includes a bottom alloy layer disposed over a substrate. An inner material layer is disposed on the bottom alloy layer, and a top alloy layer is disposed on the inner material layer, the top and bottom alloy layers including an alloy of at least two metals, wherein the inner material layer includes the alloy and nitrogen. The top alloy layer, the inner material layer, and the bottom alloy layer form a MEMS feature.

A liquid-discharging-head substrate includes an insulation layer, an electrode, and a heating resistor element, wherein the insulation layer includes a first opening portion including a first opening formed in a surface of the insulation layer, a second opening having a smaller opening area than an opening area of the first opening, and a surface connecting the first opening and the second opening, and a second opening portion extending from the second opening to a back surface of the insulation layer, wherein the electrode is formed in the second opening portion, and a surface of the electrode is exposed from the second opening when viewed from the surface side of the insulation layer, and wherein the heating resistor element is in contact with the surface connecting the first opening and the second opening, and with the surface of the electrode.

An inkjet chip including a substrate, a plurality of control elements, an insulating layer, a plurality of first conductive patterns, a plurality of second conductive patterns and a plurality of heaters is provided. The insulating layer is disposed on the control element and has a plurality of openings. The openings each have a first length in a first direction. Each first conductive pattern has a first sidewall overlapping one of the openings and is electrically connected between one of the control elements and one of the heaters. Each second conductive pattern has a second sidewall overlapping the one of the openings and is electrically connected to one of the heaters. A distance in the first direction is included between the first sidewall and the second sidewall opposing to each other. The distance is less than the first length. A thermal bubble inkjet printhead adopting the inkjet chip is also provided.

A thermal bubble inkjet printhead including a substrate, a plurality of control elements, a plurality of heaters, an ink barrier and a nozzle plate is provided. The control elements are disposed on the substrate. The heaters are electrically connected to the control elements. The material of the heaters is a transparent conductive material. The ink barrier is disposed on the heater and has a plurality of ink chambers. Each of the ink chambers overlaps one of the heaters. The nozzle plate is disposed on the ink barrier and has a plurality of nozzles. Each nozzle overlaps one of the ink chambers.